初中英语动词用法.doc

一、动词语态的定义及分类语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态， 主动语态和被动语态， 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：1.I have repaired the radio. 我修好了收音机。（主动语态）The radio has been repaired. 收音机被修好了。（被动语态）2.The students cleaned the classroom. 学生们打扫了教室。（主动语态）The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室被学生们打扫了。（被动语态）3.They will build some buildings in two years.两年后他们将要建一些大楼。（主动语态）Some buildings will be built in two years.两年后将要建一些大楼。（被动语态）二、被动语态的构成：动词被动语态由“助动词be +动词过去分词”构成，它有各种时态的变化，动词被动语态的时态变化是通过助动词be的时态变化来完成的。初中阶段我们重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时及情态动词的被动语态构成及用法，并对其他时态的被动语态构成及用法有大致的了解。一般现在时被动语态构成：am(is, are)+动词过去分词一般过去时被动语态构成：was(were)+动词过去分词一般将来被动语态构成：will be+动词过去分词过去将来时被动语态构成：would +动词过去分词32现在完成时被动语态构成：have/has been+动词过去分词过去完成时被动语态构成：had been+动词过去分词现在进行时被动语态构成：am/is/are+being+动词过去分词过去进行时被动语态构成：was/were+动词过去分词情态动词被动语态构成：情态动词+be+动词过去分词(情态动词有时态变化)三、主动语态变成被动语态的方法1.将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be过去分词”结构；将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。Imadethe cakeslast night.The cakeswere madeby melast night.2.含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如：He gave the boy an appleThe boy was given an apple（或An apple was given to the boy）Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father（或A present was bought for her by her father）3.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。如：They watched the children sing that morningThe children were watched to sing that morning4.带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如：We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao Wang He33cut his hair shortHis hair was cut shortThey told him to help meHe was told to help me5.短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如：We must take good care of the young treesThe young trees must be taken good care of6.含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面；也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。如：People believe that he is illIt is believed that he is ill（或：He is believed to be ill）四被动语态改为主动语态的方法：被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语（或按题意要求确定主语），按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如：History is made by the peopleThe people make history五、被动语态的应用1.不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。The glass was broken last night.玻璃昨天被打破了。His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了。He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那儿一次。The bag was put into the box.袋子放在了箱子里。2.为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 计划已经送给校长了。34Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A.克林顿被选为美国总统。Five people were hurt in the explosion.五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。A new building was set up in a short time.新大楼短期就建成了。3.被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下：动作承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者。The picture was praised by everybody.照片得到了大家的好评。The classroom was cleaned by us.教室被我们打扫过。The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 这座桥是山西的工人建的。The little boy was found by the police.小孩被警察找到了。注：不能用于被动语态的情况某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have，fit，suit，hold（容纳），cost， suffer，last（持续）等不能用于被动语态。如：They have a nice car他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。My shoes dont fit me我的鞋不合适。My brain cant hold so much information at one time我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。How much What does it cost？这值多少钱？Our holiday lasts 10days我们的假期有十天。This food will last（them）（for）3days这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天。 动词leave（离开），enter（进入），join（参加）不35可用于被动语态。如：The car left the road and hit a tree车子离开了道路，撞上了树。某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record，act，break，catch，cut，clean，drive，draw， let，open，write，wash，wear等等。如： His new novel is selling well他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well这布很耐洗。This material wont wear这种材料不耐穿。His play wont act他的戏剧不会上演。 The window wont shut这窗关不上。The door wont open这门打不开。The door wont lock这门锁不上。This poem reads well这首诗读来很好。 feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。如：Tell me if you feel cold你要是感到冷就告诉我。Youre looking very unhappywhats the matter？你看来很不高兴怎么回事儿？ The soup tastes wonderful这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful那些玫瑰好闻极了。She appears to be friendly她看上去很友好。 宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。如： Peter hoped to meet her彼得希望遇见她。Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。如：36She can dress herself她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。