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AutoMod 软件的柔性制系统与仿真,automod,软件,柔性,系统,仿真
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【中文 3190 字】中文译文智能信息管理, 2011,3,186-189DOI:10.4236/iim.2011.35022 线上发表于 2011 年 9 月(http:/www.SciRP.org/journal/iim)AutoMod 软件的柔性制系统与仿真1 陈紫霞 2 江长滨1 中国宜宾宜宾职业技术学院2 中国杭州浙江工商大学电子邮件: czx, jcb收稿于 20116.2; 修正于 2011.7.4; 公认于 2011.7.15摘要柔性制造系统 (FMS)是一高度自动化,复杂的系统。 模拟设计或者分析 FMS 是一个证明行之有效的方法。 在 FMS 中的射频识别(RFID )系统的配置产生大量的 RFID数据流,提供有价值的数据,改善 FMS 的操作。 在本文使用 RFID 数据流在 FMS 下模拟的结构。 模拟与 AutoMod 软件一起运行。 技术上的细节也被呈现。 本文的结构是遵从下列的步骤:第 1 步, AMHS 、 FMS 和 AutoMod 的介绍;第 2 步, FMS 模拟AutoMod 软件;第 3 步,通过 RFID 数据流驱动的仿真框架;第 4 步,结论。关键词: FMS(柔性制造系统) 、 RFID 、数据流,模拟, AutoMod 软件1. 介绍1.1. 航空交通服务讯息处理系统(AMHS)和 FMSAMHS 是一个自动化的材料处理系统。它通过改变自己的形式和包装从而通过存储,检索和运输材料的过程。 它主要依赖于自动化设备的装置处理这些材料。 AMHS,像是在物流业或其他自动化材料处理系统中的存储和检索系统(AS/RS) ,在这个竞争激烈的环境中发挥着重要的作用1,2。因此,改善航空交通服务讯息处理系统具有极大的价值。柔性的制造业的系统 (FMS)在 AMHS 担任一个越来越重要的角色。 图 1 展示了柔性制造系统进行处理金属零部件的过程。 (S/RM )的存储 /检索机从储物架上检索托盘的原料,并将其放置在输送机上的每个通道。然后操作员从托盘上消除了部分,并扣紧到相邻输送机的夹具上。输送机输送到拾取点,在那里它们被加载到自动搬运车(AGV)的夹具上。图 1:柔性制造系统的例子 这个系统由 6 个计算机数字控制(CNC)加工零件。变化器的头部也可用于钻孔的部件。 AGV 运输夹具到所需的 CNC 或头站。当已完成所有处理的一部分时,AGV 返回,而其夹具的一部分输送到附近的存储机架。操作员移除已完成的部分。并把它从夹具上返回用于机架上用于存储的托盘上。空夹具然后在传送带上接受一个新的原始部分循环。FMS 是一个典型的离散事件系统。虽然这很难评估其效率与传统的方法,因为随机因素和计算的复杂性,仿真设计与分析 FMS 是一个行之有效的方法。1.2.FMS 中的 FRID 数据采集RFID 是一种强大的数据收集方法,该方法可以用在产品控制和材料处理或其他材料的流动过程3。柔性制造系统中的 RFID 系统的部署,加强了运转控制的流程与更好的可视性。流通过 FMS 柔性制造系统的托盘,箱或其他负载都贴有 RFID 标签。RFID 阅读器在预先分配的位置读取存储的处理信息的标签。传感器(RFID 读取器)收集信息材料流经进程,然后把此信息发送到数据库中。根据一定的规则,有意义的事件流程,这可以用来驱动供应链管理(SCM)4,企业资源规划(ERP)或制造执行系统( MES)信息系统。面向服务的架构(SOA)和事件驱动架构(EDA)在这一领域占主导地位 5,6。RFID 阅读器可以提供即时的物料流信息,如该对象系统中的探测器。这些信息包括项目的信息,位置,加工精度和到达时间。它可以被存储在数据流中,数据库中或数据仓库。对于 FMS,如图 1 所示,RFID 阅读器可以设置在 AS/RSI/O 站,数据工作站和 AGV拾取点。标签标记在货盘和夹具上。当托盘或夹具流经系统,读写器读取和创建数据记录如表 1 所示。然后这些记录被 RFID 处理。最后,大容量的记录将被存储为数据流的 RFID数据仓库7。因此,RFID 数据成为连接到虚拟世界的桥梁。1.3.FMS 仿真面临的挑战FMS 经营所处的环境是随机的性质。因此,在设计和分析 FMS,这自然必须被考虑。仿真是一个功能强大的工具,以解决随机的情况8。有商业软件产品可以用于模拟的FMS。表 1 RFID 标签记录标签 ID 负载类型项目 时间(hh:mm:ss:ms)阅读器IDEE07000001A34621托盘 原料 114:01:45:35 1EE07000001A34622托盘 原料 214:01:45:55 2EF01000001A34621夹具 P1 14:05:05:55 3EF01000001A34622夹具 P2 14:05:06:15 4EF01000001A34623夹具 P3 14:05:07:05 5但是模拟仍然是一个需要人才的工作,尤其是当目标系统是复杂的时候。一般情况下,商业仿真软件包可以大幅缓解这些工作,因为我们可以用它们来建模 FMS 的可视化实体和组件的图形用户界面(GUI)的,但无形的数据或 I/O 数据,不是一个有效的建模方式。在很多情况下,一个伪随机数发生器是唯一用来驱动 FMS 仿真的方式。模拟中使用的随机数引入到一个模型中,来表现现实世界的变化。产品达到间隔时间,处理时间,时间,知道机器故障,和维修时间是一个真正的系统的整个操作过程中的持续时间而变化的事件的例子。构建模型时,必须决定如何代表在模拟随机发生的事件。一种流行的方法是尝试,以适应估计或历史的真实世界的数据到分配。丹对于 FMS,意味着大批量的,高吞吐量的数据。数据分析是很困难的。另一方面,这么多的过程数据被存储在MES 或其他企业的形成系统中,特别是与 RFID 系统的部署。这个数据可以用在正式的FMS 仿真中。在本文的以下部分,我们将讨论 FMS 模拟使用商业软件。也可以预先给出一个使用RFID 数据流的模拟框架。2.FMS 仿真 AutoMod 的软件 AutoMod 的套件是世界领先的工业仿真软件,该软件是由一家美国应用材料公司开发。它成功应用在许多领域,如汽车,半导体,航空航天和国防,造纸,物流等。许多世界500 强企业中已经使用 AutoMod 来模拟他们的生产物流,以提高运行效率部门,减少库存和现金流动9,10.AutoMod 实际上是两个方案的组合:构建包和运行时包。构建包包括物理和逻辑模型的定义。在用户定义的物理和逻辑组件模型下,它将被编译成一个可执行程序,模拟和动画同时运行。可执行模型速度非常快,是完全可以互动的,它可以停在任何时刻在模拟的时间来查看统计数据和模型状态。提供数据库的最新版本 AutoMod 的 I/O 功能和模式的通讯模块,该模块支持 OPC(用于过程控制的 OLE)或套接字通讯。FMS 的可视组件,可以很容易地模拟专业 AutoMod 的模块,如 AS/RS,处理,输送和路径子系统。如果没有现实世界的数据,FMS 模型通常是由伪随机流或简单的示例数据,简化了输入或过程中的数据。数据获取代码被嵌入在 AutoMod 的逻辑文件。3.RFID 数据流驱动的仿真框架有 DEVS(离散事件系统)模拟使用 RFID 数据在不同类型的应用程序。例如,RFID数据被用来模拟和分析医院的经营和资源利用率。从上面,我们知道,RFID 数据代替伪随机流或简单的样品中,可以驱动虚拟 AutoMod 模型。了解如何使用 RFID 在 FMS 运行期间收集的数据流是我们需要解决的问题。根据不同的 RFID 数据源,使用 RFID 数据流的FMS 仿真有两种方式。在下面的部分中,在每种模式下,一个单独的框架将提交。技术细节也将被提及。在这两种模式中,模拟软件专注于操作的 RFID 标签和标记对象的名称,如到达时间到达位置的字符。在标签的其他信息还没有发送到软件。传送的信息必须是正式的,并可以被拆解成有意义的事件,这可以由软件理解。具有前仿真,透明的标准和协议必须遵守。3.1.离线模式(历史 RFID 数据)在离线模式下,存储在数据库中的历史 RFID 将驱动仿真模型。在这种模式下,处理的 RFID 数据已被存储在数据库中。AutoMod 的模型 FMS 运行时,它会读取自动的MOD 数据库 I/O 功能(如开放式数据库连接性功能) ,并剖析 RFID 数据流转化为若干具有意义的 AutoMod 事件,图 2 展示框架的离线模式。3.2.在线模式(模拟)在在线模式下,当使用 RFID 数据流,FMS 模型交互实时 RFID 的数据流。这是一种实物仿真与模拟的硬件。在这种模式下,与现实世界的设备相结合的虚拟的仿真模型与桥接的是 RFID 数据流。整个 FMS 分为两部分。这种方法是非常有用的。当我们想改变部分时,FMS 就好像一个临时的存储仓库。如果 AS/RS 计划取代手动高货架仓库,AS/RS需建立在 AutoMod 的软件基础上。I/O 从现实中的 RFID 阅读器的临时储存仓库的 RFID 数据源用于驱动 FMS 仿真关系。因此,可以很容易的得到进行模拟的帮助。图 2:离线模式下的 FMS 模拟;注:RFID 数据库存储的预处理记录是从 RFID 阅读器(同构或异构) 。数据库程序可以执行特殊的数据视图以此应用于模拟中图 3:FMS 模拟在线模式AutoMod 的软件提供最新的 OPC 或套接字通信模型通信模块(MCM 或 MCM+) 。工业 RFID 阅读器使用 TCP/IP, OPC 或其他工业通信协议。该框架可以被实现为图 3。在这种模式下,所有读取失败的小标签将被忽略,就好像错误的数据。4.结论 本文介绍了不同的 FMS 仿真中使用 RFID 的框架。尽管如此,还是有复杂工作的运行,特别是对阅读的例外情况。但是这个框架已经成功的测试。模拟设计或分析 FMS 是一个行之有效的方法。它是利用有价值的数据流,以提高 FMS 的操作。英文原文Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 186-189doi:10.4236/iim.2011.35022 Published Online September 2011(http:/www.SciRP.org/journal/iim)Simulation of a Flexible Manufacturing System with AutoMod SoftwareZixia Chen1, Changbing Jiang21Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China 2Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China E-mail: czx, jcbReceived June 2, 2011; revised July 4, 2011; accepted July 15, 2011AbstractA flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a highly automated, complex system. Simulation is a well -proven method to design or analyze an FMS. Deployment of a radio frequency identification (RFID) system in FMS produces large volumes of RFID data streams, which provide valuable information to improve the operation of FMS. Different frameworks are presented in this paper regarding the use of RFID data streams in an FMS simulation. Simulations are performed with AutoMod software. Related technical details are also presented. The papers structure is complied as the following steps: step 1, the introduction of AMHS, FMS and AutoMod; step 2, FMS simulation using AutoMod software; step 3, simulation frameworks driven by RFID data streams; step 4, conclusion.Keywords: FMS, RFID, Data Stream, Simulation, AutoMod Software1. Introduction1.1. AMHS and FMSAn automated materials handling system (AMHS) stores, retrieves and moves materials through processes to change their form and packaging. It relies primarily on automated devices to handle these materials. AMHS, such as the Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) used in the logistics sector or other automated material handling systems utilized in factories play an important role in this aggressively competitive environ-ment 1,2. Therefore, improvements to AMHS are of great value.The flexible manufacturing system (FMS) plays a more and more important role in AMHS. Figure 1 de-monstrates a flexible manufacturing system that pro-cesses metal parts. The storage/retrieval machine (S/RM) retrieves pallets of raw parts from the storage racks and places them on conveyors at the end of each aisle. An operator then removes a part from its pallet and fastens it to a fixture on an adjacent conveyor. The conveyor transports the fixtures to a pickup point, where they are loaded onto an automated guided vehicle (AGV).Six computer numeric control (CNC) machines pro-cess parts in the system. A head changer is also available for drilling the parts. The AGVs transport the fixtures to the required CNCs, or head stations. When all processing of a part has been completed, an AGV returns the part with its fixture to the conveyor near the storage racks. An operator removes the completed part from the fixture and returns it to a pallet for storage on the racks. The empty fixture then circulates on the conveyor to receive a new raw part.This FMS is a typical discrete event system. While it is difficult to evaluate its efficiency with traditional methods because of random factors and computing com-plexity, simulation is a well-proven way to design and analyze FMS.Figure 1. An example of a flexible manufacturing system1.2. RFID Data Collection in FMSRFID is a powerful data collection method which can be used in product control and material handling or other material flow processes 3. With deployment of RFID systems in FMS, operation control is strengthened with the better visibility of the process. In FMS, pallets, totes or other loads which are flowing through the FMS are tagged with RFID tags. RFID readers read the tags which store the processing information at a pre-assigned loca-tion. Sensors (RFID readers) collect the information of material which flows through the processes, and then sends this information into the database. Under certain rules, meaningful events trickle, this could be used to drive Supply Chain Management (SCM) 4, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Manufacturing Execution System (MES) information systems. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and event-driven architecture (EDA) are dominant in this field 5,6. The RFID readers can provide real-time material flow information like probes in the object system. The information includes item in-formation, location, processing time and arrival time with high accuracy. It can be stored in a data stream, into a database or a data warehouse.For FMS as in Figure 1, RFID readers can be set up at an AS/RS I/O station, a CNC work station and at AGV pickup points. Tags are tagged on pallets and fixtures. When pallets or fixtures flow through the system, readers read the tags and create data records as in Table 1. These records are then processed by RFID middleware. Finally, large volume records will be stored as data streams in an RFID data warehouse 7. Thus, RFID data becomes the bridge that connects the physical world to the virtual world.1.3. Challenges in FMS SimulationThe environment in which FMS operates is stochastic in nature. So when designing and analyzing FMS, this na-ture must been taken into consideration. Simulation is a powerful tool to tackle a stochastic situation 8. There are commercial software packages which can be used toTable 1. RFID tag records.Load TimeReaderTag ID ItemType(hh:mm:ss:ms) IDEE07000001A34621 pallet raw1 14:01:45:35 1EE07000001A34622 pallet raw2 14:01:45:55 2EF01000001A34621 fixture P1 14:05:05:55 3EF01000001A34622 fixture P2 14:05:06:15 4EF01000001A34623 fixture P3 14:05:07:05 5simulate FMS. But simulation is still a job which needs talented people especially when the objective system is complex. Generally, commercial simulation software packages may alleviate these efforts dramatically, be-cause we can use them to model FMS with the visual entities and components in their Graphical User Inter-faces (GUIs), but for invisible data or I/O data, there is not an efficient way to model them. Under many circum-stances, a pseudo-random number generator is the only way to drive an FMS simulation.Random numbers are used in simulations to introduce the variability of the real world into a model. Product inter-arrival times, processing times, time until machine failures, and repair times are examples of events with a duration that varies throughout the operation of a real system. When building a model, decisions must be made how to represent randomly occurring events in the simu-lation. A popular technique is to attempt to fit estimated or historic real-world data to a distribution. But for FMS, high throughput means a high volume of data. Data analysis is very difficult. On the other hand, so much in-process data is stored in MES or other enterprise in-formation systems, particularly with the deployment of an RFID system. This formal data can be utilized in an FMS simulation.In the following part of this article, we will discuss FMS simulation using commercial software. A simula-tion framework using RFID data stream will also be pre-sented.2. FMS Simulation Using AutoMod SoftwareAutoMod suite is world-leading industrial simulation software, which is provided by Applied Materials, an American company. It has many successful applications in various sectors, such as automobile, semiconductor, aerospace and defense, paper, logistics etc. Many of the top 500 companies in the world have used AutoMod to simulate their production logistics in order to improve the operation and efficiency of departments, reduce in-ventory and cash flow 9,10.AutoMod is actually a combination of two programs: a build package and a runtime package. The build package is for physical and logical model definition. After the user has defined the physical and logical components of the model, it is compiled into an executable program, where the simulation and animation run concurrently. The executable model runs very fast and is fully interac-tive; it can be stopped at any instant in simulated time to view statistics and model status. The latest version of AutoMod provides database I/O functions and a model communications module which supports OPC (OLE for Process Control) or sockets communication.The visual components of FMS can be easily modeled with professional AutoMod modules, such as AS/RS, process, conveyor and path-mover subsystem. Without real world data, an FMS model is usually driven by pseudo-random streams or simple sample data which simplify the input or in-process data. Data acquisition codes are embedded in the AutoMod logic files.3. Simulation Frameworks Driven by RFID Data Streams There are applications in different types of DEVS (Dis-crete Event Systems) simulations using RFID data. For example, RFID data was used to simulate and analyze hospital operations and resource utilization. From above we know that RFID data can drive the virtual AutoMod model in place of the pseudo-random streams or simple samples. Knowing how to use the RFID data streams collected in the FMS operation period is the problem we need to address. According to different RFID data sources, there are two ways to use RFID data streams in an FMS simulation. An individual framework will be presented under each mode in the following section. Technical details will also be mentioned.In both these modes, the simulation software concen-trates on the operational characters of RFID tags and tagged object name, such as arrival time, arrival location. Other information in the tags is not sent to the software. The transferred information must be formal and can be parsed into meaningful events which can be understood by the software. Transparent standards and protocols must be complied with before the simulation.3.1. Offline Mode (Historical RFID Data)In offline mode, a simulation model is driven by histori-cal RFID data streams stored in a database. In this mode, processed RFID data has been stored in a database. When an AutoMod model of FMS runs, it reads Auto-Mod database I/O functions (like Open Database Con-nectivity function) and parses the RFID data streams into certain events which are meaningful to AutoMod. Figure 2 shows the framework of offline mode.3.2 Online Mode (Emulation)When RFID data streams are used in online mode, the FMS model interacts with real time RFID data streams. Its a ty
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