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水平定向钻机孔底钻具的研究与应用,水平,定向,钻机,孔底钻具,研究,钻研,应用,利用,运用

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水平定向钻机孔底钻具的研究与应用【中文2320字】湖南工业大学机械工程学院机本0302班12号 李洪光（译）一、孔底钻具的组成与功能、导向孔施工钻具组成：钻杆、发射器容纳管和导向钻头。 导向孔施工钻具具有钻孔、变向、通磁和输送钻液的功能。通过人机协调控制，严格按已设计的轨迹完成导向孔施工。钻孔施工是以高压钻液射流和钻头板切削共同完成的；钻头板以及安装板上的钻牙，在钻头旋转钻进时起辅助的切削作用，在钻杆推进时起变向作用；发射器容纳管用来放置发射器，在容纳管上开有通磁槽，并用非金属材料密封以防止高压钻液进入，发射器发射的电磁波经通磁槽向外发射。钻杆和钻头内部应提供足够大的通道以满足对钻液流量的需求。、扩孔施工 钻具组成：钻杆、回扩头、旋转接头和回拉钻杆。当导向孔钻进完成后，卸下导向钻头、发射器容纳管，接上反向扩孔钻头和旋转接头，然后在旋转接头后接上回拉钻杆，进行回拉扩孔钻进。对直径较大的孔，可进行多次扩孔钻进，使钻孔直径逐渐扩大至尺寸要求。、回拉铺管施工 钻具组成：回拉钻杆、回扩头、旋转接头和拉管头。当扩孔钻进完成后，在回拉钻杆后接上回扩头和旋转接头，在旋转接头后接上拉管头和待铺设的管线进行反扩铺管。二、主要钻具的研究与应用、钻杆 钻杆的质量是施工成功的关键，施工中钻杆的损坏将导致与钻杆连接的孔底钻具的丢失，无论是回扩头还是价格昂贵的泥浆马达、管线等。由于钻杆对施工技术的成功起着基础性的作用，所以近年来，钻杆制造商们不断采用先进技术致力于改进钻杆的结构，提高其性能和质量。 目前，钻杆主要分为整体式和焊接式两种结构形式。 摩擦焊接式钻杆实现了钻杆最佳结构组合，这就意味着为满足不同需要的、不同性能的材料能够被用来做钻杆的不同部位。磨擦焊接钻杆具有很高的机械性能、耐磨性能，而且重量轻、柔韧性好，可方便地实现不同形式的螺纹接头与不同规格的钢管的焊接组合。 摩檫焊接式钻杆的技术关键是焊接质量，如果焊接及热处理过程控制得当，摩擦焊接的连接强度应达到甚至高于母材本身强度。为了保证焊接质量，国外制造商用于制造摩擦焊接钻杆的设备均采用先进的计算机监控和数据记录技术。通过监控系统确保每根钻杆所有焊接重要参数均按照预先给定的数值执行。也就是说，一批钻杆中的任何一根钻杆，均控制在严格的公差范围内，由计算机监控系统确保其焊接性能的一致性。而且通过单根钻杆试验测试，能够提供一批钻杆中的每根钻杆的完整的、可靠的性能数据。焊后整体电磁感应热处理，是整个处理过程的重要阶段。近年来通过科研部门不断研究与试验，目前能够使得焊接后焊缝的机械性能达到甚至超过母材本身性能，包括耐久性能、焊接安全方面等。 为了提高螺纹表面硬度，防止螺纹本身产生任何可能的咬合，加工后的螺纹接头的表面，特别是螺纹部分都要进行渗氮处理。 用于制造钻杆的钢管采用高等级无缝钢管，且经过淬火和回火处理。摩擦式焊接钻杆另一好处是，可以对钻杆内部钻液通道进行设计。其中螺纹接头内孔通道的设计充分考虑了尽量减少液体通过时的液压损失，特别是减少螺纹连接头部分造成的损失，能大大提高钻液系统的工作效率。在螺纹接头设计上采用了切去顶端的、园锥型的螺纹设计，这种设计既能增加连接强度，又能在不用附加垫圈的帮助下起到很好的密封作用。实践表明，要使用更强有力的孔底钻具和钻进设备，获得最大的钻孔直径和最小的曲率半径，就需要特殊设计的高品质的钻杆以满足施工要求。、导向钻进钻具组合（）通用型组成：通用探测装置容纳器、变向钻头体和板式切削刀具。 通常用于中软土壤和回填土层施工，可更换硬地型钻头牙齿，用于硬地层的施工，包括硬土、岩土、砾石和软岩层。（）硬地层型组成：通用探测装置容纳器、带弯曲式喷射管和（）可分开的喷射头，适用于在软土层可控喷射施工；（）岩石钻头，适用于混合层钻进，在坚硬的部分允许岩石钻头旋转钻进。（）软岩层型 组成：通用探测装置容纳器、锤体、锤头 适用于在硬地面和软岩层中进行高穿透钻进和转向（）岩石型组成：通用的探测装置容纳器、转换接头、泥浆马达、岩石钻头适用于岩石层钻进施工、回扩钻进用钻具（）带长槽的回扩头特点：度锥体形状，有利于高效率的切削和挤压土壤；可获得多种螺纹和背端连接形式；向前和向后喷射钻液的喷嘴为可换式；岩石牙齿；凹槽体用来高效率排除钻屑；标准尺寸（）一（） 适用于普遍的工程条件，在中密度粘土、砾泥粘土和含岩土壤（砾石、鹅卵石等）中施工，兼有飞旋刀式切割器和锥形挤扩器的复合功能，具有很高的施工效率。 安装岩石切削牙齿，可提高切削作用。普遍适用于中等硬度土层，特别适合在硬土和岩石土层中施工。（）飞旋刀式回扩器特点：开放式钻体，度锥型切削臂，与挤压式相比具有极好的排屑和混合的作用。是一种独特地万能回扩器，在沙地、软土层、粘土层和混凝料中施工具有极好的性能，可有效的使泥浆与土壤混合成流动的混合物，具有理想的排屑和强大的混合作用。标准尺寸（）一（）。（）旋桶式回扩器特点：适合于中大型钻机；开放式钻体，三臂式设计，具有高效率的切削和排屑能力。可更换岩石切削牙齿，可更换的向前和向后喷嘴，标准尺寸（），焊接符合工业标准。 一般用于，破碎黏土型土壤优于挤压式，这种飞刀具有卓越的切削和排屑特性，常常与桶式回扩器一起使用。（）桶式回扩器特点：适合于中大型钻机。度前后锥体；可更换的岩石切削牙齿；前后端均带有可更换的喷嘴；标准尺寸（）。桶式回扩器在黏土、砾泥、混凝料和岩土中施工具有极好的切削和挤压性能，主要用于挤压土壤（软黏土、泥炭土），在土壤中挤扩出洞孔并保持.61Horizontal Directional Drill Hole Drill end of the study and applicationof a drill hole end of a composition and function.Construction of drill hole orientation : drill pipe, a launcher tube and a guide to accommodate bit. Construction of drill hole orientation with drilling, to change, through magnetic and drilling fluid delivery functions. Coordinated by computer control, in strict accordance with the design of the track has been completed oriented hole. Drilling is drilling high pressure liquid jet cutting board and bit accomplished; Bits board and the installation of boards of drilling teeth. Rotary drilling bit at the time supporting Cutting role in promoting the drill pipe at changes to the role; transmitters placed to accommodate tube launcher, to accommodate the opening of a Magnetic planters, Non-metallic materials and sealed to prevent the entry of high pressure drilling fluid, launch vehicles by the electromagnetic field Magnetic tank fired. Internal drill pipe and drill should provide sufficient access to meet the drilling fluid flow needs. 2, the construction of bore hole : drill pipe, the first to expand, the rotary joint drill pipe and back to Rafah. When the guide hole drilling is completed, unloaded oriented bit, to accommodate tube launchers and connect with reverse bore bit and rotary joint, Then after the rotary joint drill pipe connected to Rafah, to Reamer drilling. The large diameter holes, a number of bore drilling, hole diameter gradually expanded to the size requirement. 3, back to Rafah Pipeline Construction hole : drill pipe to Rafah, to expand first, rotating joints and pipe-drawing tools. When the bore drilling is completed, the drill pipe to Rafah after expanding access to the first and rotary joint, After the rotary connector connected pipe-drawing tools and the laying of pipelines to be anti-expansion Pipeline.2, the main drill a research and application, the drill pipe drilling pipe construction quality is the key to success. Construction of the pipe and caused damage to the drill pipe connecting the end of drill hole of the lost, whether to expand or expensive first mud motors, and pipelines. As the drill pipe construction of HDD technology to the success of a basic role, in recent years, drill pipe manufacturers have continued to adopt advanced technology to improve the structure of the pipe to improve its performance and quality. Currently, the main HDD drill pipe into the 2overall style and welded two structural forms. Friction welding type of drill pipe drilling pipe achieve the best combination of structure, which means that in order to meet different needs. Performance of different materials can be used in different parts of the pipe. Friction welding drill pipe with high mechanical properties, wear resistance, light weight, good flexibility, a convenient way to different forms of threaded joints with different specifications of the pipe welding portfolio. Mount Sassafras drill pipe-welding technology is the key to the quality of welding, welding and heat treatment process control properly, Friction welding connection strength should reach even higher than the base material itself intensity. To ensure the quality of welding. foreign manufacturers for the manufacture of drill pipe friction welding equipment has been used advanced computer control and data recording technology. Through the monitoring system to ensure that every root of all drill pipe welding parameters in accordance with prior to the numerical implementation. In other words, a group of drill pipe in any one drill pipe, are strictly controlled in the context of tolerance, by the computer monitoring system to ensure that the welding performance consistency. And drill pipe through a single test, a number of drill pipe to provide each of the roots of the pipe complete, reliable performance data. After welding overall electromagnetic induction heat treatment, the whole process is an important stage. In recent years, considerable research through research and testing, now be able to make a welded seam mechanical properties to meet or surpass the performance of the base material itself, including durability, welding safety aspects. In order to improve the surface hardness thread, thread itself to prevent any possible occlusion, the post-processing on the surface of the nipple. Thread particular part should be carried out nitriding treatment. Drill pipe used in the manufacture of steel pipes used high-grade seamless steel tubes, and after quenching and tempering. Friction welding drill pipe Another advantage is being able to drill pipe internal drilling fluid channel design. Within which the nipple holes in the design of the Corridor full consideration to minimize the liquid through the hydraulic losses Special connecting thread is the first reduction of the loss, will greatly enhance the drilling fluid system efficiency. Threaded joints in the design using the top of the basket, the landscape of conical threaded design that can connect to increase strength, can in no additional washers with the help of the enclosed play a very good role. Practice shows that the use of more powerful drill holes and underground drilling equipment, maximum hole diameter and the smallest curvature radius, on the special needs of high-quality design 3of the drill pipe to meet the construction requirements. 2, guided boring BHA (1) Universal : Universal Detection device for capacity, Variable bit to the plate-and cutting tools. It is normally used in soft soil and backfill soil construction, replacement of hard-bit teeth, hard formation for the construction, including the hard soil, rock, gravel and soft rock. (2) Rigid-formation comprising : Definitive detection devices installed capacity, belt-injection tube bending and (a) separate from the spray head, apply to soft soil controllable jet construction; (b) rock drill, as applied to drilling mixed layer, In hard rock section allows rotary drilling bits. (3) soft-rock composition : Definitive detection devices installed capacity, hammer, Hammerhead applicable to the hard ground and soft rock drilling high penetration and to (4) Rock : Definitive detection devices to accommodate devices, change the connector, mud motors, bits of rock to rock Drilling 3, used to expand drilling hole (1) with long shafts to extend the first features : 30 degrees cone shape, conducive to efficient cutting and squeezing soil; access to a variety of back end and threaded connection forms; forward and backward drilling fluid spray nozzle of the can for TC-rock teeth; Groove can be used to efficiently remove cuttings; Dimensions 8 (200mm) a 20 (500mm) applicable to the general condition of the project, in the density of clay, gravel and mud-rock clay soil (gravel, cobble, etc.) construction, both warm-cutting with a knife and squeezed Cone for the composite function with high efficiency of the construction. Installation TC rock cutting teeth, can improve cutting. Generally applied to medium hardness of the soil, and are particularly suited to the hard rock and soil layer construction. (2) mid-knife to expand on features : open drilling body 30 degrees conical cutting arm, In comparison with the extrusion is excellent BTA and mixed role. Is a unique way to expand is omnipotent, in the sand, soft soil, clay and concrete compound layer construction with excellent performance, to be effective so that the soil mixe