antonymy

Antonymy,From g8 2012.12.16,2,Antonymy,words that are opposite in meaning.There three kind of oppositeness:1 Gradable antonymy2 Complementary antonymy3 Relational oppositesRhetorical Values of Antonym,Gradable antonymy,there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.,2017/11/19,List of Graded Antonyms,.abundant scarce always neveraromatic stinksbad goodbest worstbiglittleblackwhitebraverycowardicecitycountryclumsy agiledark lightdifficult easyearlylateexcellent mediocreexcitingboringexpensive cheap,2017/11/19,flooddroughtfreedom tyrannyfriendenemyfull emptygenerous stingygorgeous uglygruffcheerfulhairy baldhappy sadhealthy sickheavy lightjoysorrowknowledge ignorancelaughcrylazy energeticlovehatemorning nightnarrow wide,Complementary Antonyms.,the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other.,2017/11/19,List of Complementary Antonyms,answer questionaunt unclebefore afterboy girlbrother sistercrookedstraightdaughter sondead alivedeepshallowdirtycleanemptyfullfantasyrealityhire fireignite extinguishin outinsane sanejoinseparate,2017/11/19,male femalemother fathernatural artificialnoisequieton offpush pullraise lowerreward punishidentical differentsharp dullsolid liquidsunny cloudytight loosetrue falsewet dryyesno,7,Relational opposites,In linguistics, the term relational oppositeness refers to the relationship between two words which seem to be opposites of each other but in fact actually imply each other.互补词即“关系反义词”（relational opposites），指一个词在一个语义场范围里与其它相关的词形成对照，互为补充。关系对立词(relational opposites)指两个属性是相向的(甲乙相向)，譬如：师生、买卖，甲对乙来说是师，乙对甲来说是生，甲对乙来说是买，乙对甲来说是卖。,Relational opposites,List of Relational OppositesOwn and Belong are relational opposites i.e. A owns B is the same as B belongs to A.Win and lose i.e. if someone wins, someone must lose.Fraction and Whole i.e. if there is a fraction, there must be a whole.Above and BelowEmployer and EmployeeParent and ChildTeacher and StudentBuy and SellEast and WestHusband and WifePredator and PreyLend and BorrowOffense and DefenseSlave and Master,2017/11/19,Rhetorical Values of Antonym,Antithesis 对仗is a counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition. In setting the opposite, an individual brings out a contrast in the meaningEg:When there is need of silence, you speak, and when there is need of speech, you are dumb; when you are present, you wish to be absent, and when absent, you desire to be present; in peace you are for war, and in war you long for peace; in council you descant on bravery, and in the battle you tremble.,2017/11/19,Antithesis is sometimes double or alternateListen, young men, to an old man to whom old men were glad to listen when he was young.Some other examples of antithesis are:A) Man proposes, God disposes. B) Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. C) Many are called, but few are chosen. D) Rude words bring about sadness, but kind words inspire joy.,2017/11/19,Oxymoron矛盾修辞法,An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms. Oxymoron appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors such as ground pilot and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox.1 adj. + n. 1) proud humility 骄傲的谦卑 2) present participle adj. speaking silence 千言万语的沉默 3) past participle adj. long-lived death 永生的死亡 4) The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth. 这位母亲正经受着分娩时那种欢乐的痛苦和痛苦的欢乐。,2017/11/19,2 adj. + adj.sour-sweet days酸甜的日子cold pleasant manner 冷淡热情的态度bitter-sweet memories 苦甜参半的回忆poor rich guys 贫穷的富人bad good news 坏的好消息my wonderful lousy poem 我绝妙的糟诗a miserable, merry Christmas 又悲又喜的圣诞节3 adv. + adj.falsely true words 虚伪诚实的话a wisely stupid idea 自作聪明的傻主意a mercifully fatal blow 仁慈的致命打击He was conspicuously absent at the party. 他引人注目地未出席会议。4 n. + n.a love-hate relationship 又爱又恨的关系a life-and-death struggle 生死存亡的斗争,2017/11/19,5 adv. + present participle changelessly changing 不变地变化deliciously aching 令人愉快地疼痛6 v. + adv.shine darkly 暗淡地发光die merrily 快乐地死去hasten slowly 慢慢地快起来groan loudly 大声地呻吟7 of-phrase the feather of lead 铅铸的羽毛the sound of silence 沉默的声音Note: The difference between paradox and oxymoron In paradox, it is sentence meaning that is contradictory（句子含义矛盾）; In oxymoron, it is words meaning that is contradictory（词汇含义矛盾）.,2017/11/19,The Function of Oxymoron,1形成鲜明生动的对比，给人以深刻的印象。例如：He sat in the square and washed themso changelesslychanging, so bright and dark, so grave and gaychangelessly与change是意思相反的两个词，表面上看好像风马牛不相及，但经推敲后，我们不但不觉得矛盾，反而觉得入情入理。作者需要描写的正是这种“既始终如一，又变化多端”的景色。,2017/11/19,2加强语势。起强调作用。构成矛盾关系的两个词一般属于修饰和被修饰的关系，所以往往强调了被修饰词例如：An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region.为了渲染气氛加强语势，作者用dangerous来修饰calm，给人以一种很不平静的感觉，从而使这种“平静”得到了强调，给人一种身临其境的强烈感受,2017/11/19,3言简意赅，起概括作用矛盾修饰法对复杂的概念起概括作用。常常语言精练出奇意思含蓄深刻。例如：Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.“与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。”莎士比亚用十分简练的语言表达了深刻的哲理，给人以启迪。,2017/11/19,Why we study antonyms?,第一：突出事物矛盾，起对比，映衬作用。 如：“旧社会把人逼成鬼，新社会将鬼变成人” 二十世纪的“人”是与“国家”相对待的：强国的人是“人”，弱国的呢？狗！（老舍二马）“强”“弱”对立关系的表现及结果，带给人的印象是鲜明深刻的。第二构成表面矛盾而含义深刻的句子。 如：“失败是成功之母” 第三：具有特殊的构词作用 如“咱们都是大老粗，好好学习，变他个老细” 第四：有助于区分同义词 如“和平与平和”词义近似，都是指平静温和，不好区分，用反义词可以看出他们意义上的差别。,2017/11/19,反义词音节及结构形式的对应性、在言