2011年考研英语翻译技巧汇总.doc

2011年考研英语翻译技巧汇总导读：2011年考研英语翻译技巧汇总囊括了以下翻译技巧：技巧一、词性转换；技巧二、省略法；技巧三、增词法；技巧四、词义引申；技巧五、词义选择。 名师指导：考研英语翻译技巧之词性转换一、转译成动词例如：I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.译文：你决定战胜复习考试中的困难，这一点我很羡慕。(一)名词转译成动词1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中国，人们非常注重讲礼貌。2.含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。3.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词， He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.那些小工厂还在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。4.有些短语中作为中心主体词的名词往往可转译成动词，如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 里的rest 和look.You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest?你一定很累了，为什么不休息一会呢?The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff.汽车猛的刹住，停在悬崖边上。(二)形容词转译成动词I am anxious about his health.我担心他的身体健康。Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.科学家们都深信，所有的物质都是不灭的。常见的有：与思维和知觉相关的形容词：aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等;与情感相关的形容词：glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry等;与欲望相关的形容词：desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous等。(三)副词转译成动词She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。After careful investigation they found the design behind.经过仔细研究之后，他们发现这个设计落后了。二、转译成名词(一)英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。1.名词派生的动词This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。2.名词转用的动词Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们的时代是深刻政治变革的见证。Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。(二)有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受(遭)到+名词”、“予(加)以+名词”这类结构。He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period.在这期间，他受到了新闻界极不公正的对待。I was encouraged by our president.我得到了校长的鼓励。(三)形容词转译成名词1.英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。Both compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter is weak.这两种都是酸。前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。2.有时候根据情况，可以灵活处理，把有些形容词转换成名词来翻译。He was eloquent and elegantbut soft.他有口才、有风度，但性格软弱。His whole family were religious.他全家都是虔诚的教徒。名师指导：考研英语翻译技巧之省略法 一、从语法角度来看(一)省代词1.省略作主语的人称代词(1)省略作主语的人称代词I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。(2)英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。We live and learn.活到老，学到老。When will he arrive?You can never tell.他什么时候到?说不准。The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。2.省略作宾语的代词The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。Please take off the old picture and throw it away.请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。3.省略物主代词I put my hand into my pocket.我把手放进口袋。She listened to me with her rounded eyes.她睁大双眼，听我说话。(二)代词it的省略Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.他一看表，是七点一刻了。It took me a long time to reach the hospital.我花了很长时间才到了医院。It is the people who are really powerful.人民才是最强大的。(三)省略连接词He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。(省略并列连接词)As it is late, you had better go home.时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。(省略表示原因的连接词)If sinter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗?(省略表示条件的连接词)If I had known it, I would not have joined in to.早知如此，我就不参加了。(省略表示条件的连接词)John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。(省略表示时间的连接词)(四)省略冠词1.英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词;因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。(省略不定冠词A)The horse is a useful animal.马是有益的动物。(省略定完词The)It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。(省略定完词The)The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。(省略定冠词The)2.英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，可以翻译为“一个，每一，这个，那个”等。例如：He left without saying a word.他一句话不说就走了。Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.埃格伯特说，他(开车)每天一英里就赚一块钱。This is the book you wanted.这就是你要的那本书。(五)省略介词1.省略表示时间的前置词The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。(介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略，在句尾就没有省略)On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the Peoples Republic of China.一九九七年七月，香港回归了中华人民共和国。2.省略表示地点的前置词Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.冬天，北方的天气比南方冷得多。如：He stood by the desk.他站在桌旁。I stayed in my brothers house.我住在弟弟家里。(六)省略动词When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.必须在购货单规定的时间交货。二、从修辞角度看(一)英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。(二)根据汉语习惯，译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.名师指导：考研英语翻译技巧之增词法 一、增加原文中省略的部分(一)增补回答句中省略的词语Do you like sport? Yes, I do.你喜欢体育运动吗?是的，我喜欢体育运动。Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来?请把两样都带来。Are you tired? Not very.你累了吗?不太累。(二)增补并列结构中省略的词语We dont retreat, we never have and never will。我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat)A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted)Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。(三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢?Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.假设准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办?Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.学生应该想老师学习，老师也应该向学生学习。二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分(一)增加动词He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting.在观看篮球比赛之后，主席还有一个重要会议要参加。二)增加形容词或者副词What a leader he was!他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。(三)增加名词1.在不及物动词后面增加名词Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。He never drinks before driving.他开车前从不喝酒。Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。2.在形容词前增加名词This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。A new kind of aircraftsmall, cheap, pilotlessis attracting increasing attention.一种新型的飞机正越来截止引起人们的注意这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。3.在抽象名词后增加名词如：to innovate革新innovation革新措施to evolve进化evolution进化过程to solve解决solution解决方法to derive推导derivation推导过程to persuade说服persuasion说服工作to prepare准备preparation准备工作backward落后backwardness落后状态tense紧张tension紧张局势arrogant自满arrogance自满情绪mad疯狂madness疯狂行为antagonistic敌对antagonism敌对态度redundant多余redundancy多余信息After all preparations were made, our meeting will begin.一切准备工作就绪以后，会议就开始。They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。(四)增加表示名词复数的词1.增加重迭词表示复数Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。2.增加数词或其他词表示复数The lion is the king of animals.狮是百兽之王。We have to face different problems.我们得面对各种不同的问题。Mr. Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.直到昨天下午，霍布斯先生才跟他兄弟讨论了我的各项建议。(五)增加表达时态的词1.对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。Ihad known two great social systems.那时以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。(这里除了用“过”字外，还增加了“那时以前”，强调过去完成的动作。)The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。2.强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。名师指导：考研英语翻译技巧之词义引申 英语翻译能力的考查是考研 试题中难度级别比较高的题型，也是一个考生英语综合能力的体现，不是简单的记忆和背诵能力，只有考生在长期的学习过程中，才能体会到翻译技巧实际的意义，今天给大家介绍一下翻译中常的词义引申的运用。词义的任务是表达事物，而事物又有许多特点，这些特点就往往反映在本义中。本义有了这些特点，就能产生出不同的引申义。这好比一个车轮，轴心代表本义，引申义就是辐条，向不同方向伸展出去。另外还有一些引申义，并不都是一次从本义中同时产生出来的，而是像人类的繁衍一样，父生子，子生孙，孙又生子，子子孙孙绵延不断。例如“道”字，本指实实在在的“路”，后引申为自然界中抽象的“路”，即规律;又由此引申为治理国家的方针政策，这是在“规律”一义的基础上进一步具体化后产生的含义。词义的引申表现了词义的发展变化，知道一个词的本义、引申义的区别，理解词义就会更深刻、更准确。在考研英语翻译中，学会和运用词义引申将会大大提高翻译质量及水平。(一)通过抽象化加以引申例如：They have their smiles and tears.他们有自己的欢乐与悲哀。(原文中的smiles and tears本来是“微笑和眼泪”，但是可以引申为抽象的“欢乐与悲哀”。)We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。(在原文中，one-way street本意为“单行道”，将“单行道”与国际贸易联系在一起，便不难引申为“有来无往”这一含义。)I have no head for mathematics.我没有数学方面的天赋。(原文中的head本来是“头脑”的意思，但是可以引申为“对数学没有天赋”。)(二)通过具体化加以引申例如：The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green.我前面的车停住了，我错过了绿灯。(在原文中，green本来是“绿色”的意思，但是根据上下文，可以引申为具体的事物：“绿灯”。)Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses.就某些用途来说，铜的唯一缺点也许是硬度不够。(原文的trouble本来是“麻烦”的意思，但是与“铜”联系在一起，就可以引申为“缺点”来翻译了。)名师指导：考研英语翻译技巧之词义选择 词义的选择和词义引申是考研 翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。在考研翻译中，这中现象更是比比皆是。在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends中，school是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思;在1996年74)题elegant system中，elegant是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思;在2001年75)题And home appliances will become so smart that.中，smart是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思;在2003年75)题like the concept of set in mathematics中，set是“集，集合”而不是“一套，放置”等意思.。一、词义的选择如：Ill see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。Hes at home with the classics.他精通古典文学New homes are for sale.新房出售。Shes at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。由此可见，一词多义的现象在英语中十分普遍。在翻译时，词义的选择应从以下几个方面着手。(一)根据词性确定词义如：forecast有“预报，预测”的意思，用作动词和用作名词时意思相同;increase作动词时，表示“增加，增长，增进”的意思，用作名词时主要还是表达这些意思。如：book这个单词，在作名词时，意思是“书，书籍”;用作动词却常表示“预订，预约”的意思。又如：while作连词时，有 “当.的时候，而，虽然”等意思;作名词时，却指“片刻，一会儿”;作动词，又有“消磨”的意思。遇到这种情况，如果不弄清楚词性，常常就会将词义搞错，进而影响原文的正确理解和准确翻译。因此在翻译中，我们可以根据语法关系来辨别关键词的词性，以便能准确的判断词义。如：light：This light is too poor to read by.这光线太暗不能看书。(名词)Aluminum is a light metal.铝是一种轻金属。(形容词)Will you light the fire for me?你替我点上火好吗?(动词)round：The Earth is not completely round.地球并不是完全圆的。(形容词)Lets go into the hall and have a look round.让我们进大厅