不定式、现在分词和过去分词.ppt

非谓语动词语法讲解 朱一飞 I 非谓语动词时态 语态形式对照表 2 非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份 1 非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语等 1 Toseeyouisglad It sgladtoseeyou 2 Iwanttoseeyou 3 Iwanthimtoseeyou 4 Myhopeistoseeyou 5 Heisthemantoseeyou 6 I mgladtoseeyou 7 Iwenttoseeyou 8 Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou 作主语 作宾语 作宾补 作表语 作定语 作原因状语 作目的状语 作结果状语 1 Swimmingishisfavouritesport 2 Heenjoysswimming 3 Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver 4 Hisfavouritesportisswimming 5 Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow 6 SwimminginSummer wecangetcool 作主语 作宾语 作宾补 作表语 作定语 作状语 1 Thiscupisbroken 2 Thisisabrokencup 3 Ifoundthecupbroken 4 BrokenbyTom thecupcan tbeused 过去分词一般不作主语 宾语 作表语 作表语 作宾语补足语 作状语 3 分词的用法比较A 在时态上1 Chinaisadevelopingcountry acountrywhichisdeveloping 2 Japanisadevelopedcountry acountrywhichhasdeveloped 3 Ifoundhimgone thathehadgone 表完成 ing分词表 进行 ed分词表 完成 B 在语态上 ing分词表 主动 ed分词表 被动 多为及物动词 1 Isawhimwritingashortnovel thathewaswritingashortnovel 2 HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyCharlesDickens whichwaswrittenbyCharlesDichens 在概念上 ing 表 抽象 习惯 不定式表 具体 偶然 将来 Swimming 抽象 ismyfavouritesportandIlikeswimming 习惯 everyday butIdon tliketoswim 具体 today Iwouldliketoswim 将来 tomorrow C 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语 只能用作状语 Theplatformhavingbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon 1 Theplatformbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon Theplatformwhichhasbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon 2 Havinggivenheropinionaboutthebuilding sheleftthemeeting Havingbeenusedforalongtime thecomputerneedsrepairing 作定语 作状语 D ed 主句 不强调时间先后 Beinged 主句 强调主句和从句动作同时发生 Havingbeened 主句 强调时间先后 如不强调时间先后可用ed 一般式来代替 1 UsedasameansoftrafficinChina thebikeisveryuseful WritteninsimpleEnglish thebookiseasytoread2 Beingusedbymenow thebikecan tbelenttoyou 3 Havingbeenusedformanyyears thebikeneedsrepairing Havingbeentoldseveraltimes 可以写成 Toldseveraltimes hecouldn t understandwhatImeant 4 非谓语动词的用法区别不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 下列动词常用不定式作宾语 aim ask dare appear arrange demand help hesitate pay plan wait fail seek prepare happen mean prove expect wish hope decide refuse offer learn agree choose promise pretend manage care determine afford等 如 Heofferedtohelpus Ididn texpecttofindyouhere Theyrefusedtoaccepthisinvitation Thelittleboypretendedtobeasleepwhenhismothercamein 2 下列动词通常用 ing形式作宾语 admit report appreciate deny explain mention resist stand stop imagine recall suggest mind finish enjoy keep practise miss avoid delay excuse escape consider advise等 如 1 Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere 2 Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday 3 Goodnewskeepscoming Tinasuggestedspendingtheweekendonherfarm 3 下列动词接不定式与接 ing形式意义相近 like love hate dislike begin start prefer continue intend attempt等 e g Iprefermaking tomake anoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcomposition Wealllikeplaying toplay tabletennis 但也有细微区别 指具体某次的行为常用不定式 指惯常的行为常用 ing形式 如 Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind 惯常行为 Ihatetosayso butreallyIcan tgowithyou 具体某次行为 Iprefertostayathometoday 具体某次行为 Hepreferswalkingtocycling 惯常行为 一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如 realize know understand see lose等 多用不定式如 IbegantorealizeIhadbeenwrong Wehatetolosethechance Nowwearebeginningtoseeitmoreclearly 4 下列动词接不定式与接 ing形式意义不同 stoptodo停下 正在做的事 去做另一件事 stopdoing停下正在做的事e g Seeinganoldmancarryingabigbag Istoppedtohelphim Hearingthebell thestudentsstoppedplayingandranintotheclassroom forgettodo忘记做某事 此事未做 forgetdoing忘记曾做过某事 此事已做 Heforgottoposttheletterwhenhewalkedpastthepostoffice I llneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime remembertodo记得要做某事 此事未做 rememberdoing记得某事已做过 此事已做 e g Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere Youmustremembertotakeyourumbrellawhenyouleavehome goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing接着做同一件事e g Shestoodupandshookhandswithme andthenshewentonwritingsomething AfterIfinishedmyhomework 1wentontoreadthenovel trytodo企图 想做某事trydoing试着做某事 看看有什么后果发生 e g Wetriedtopersuadehimtogowithus buthewouldn tlisten Let strydoingtheworksomeotherway meantodo 意思是 打算做某事meandoing意味着做某事e g Revolutionmeanslibratingtheproductiveforce Sorry Ididn tmeantohurtyou regrettodo遗憾地做某事 通常后接say tell等动词 regretdoing后悔做了某事e g Iregrettotellthatyoudidn tpasstheexamagain Heregrettedhavingtoldherthebadnews 5 动词如 permit allow admit forbid imagine consider advisesbtodosth advisedoingsth advisesbtodosthe g Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate Pleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirst Yousurelycan tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman Myparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid night Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes 注意 在imagine consider后通常用 tobe 作宾语补足语 tobe有时可省略 e g You dbetterimagineyourself tobe inhisplace Thesituationwasconsidered tobe prettygood 在consider后 作宾补不定式主要是tobe 行为动词todo则多用tohavedone形式 如 Weallconsideredhimtohavetoldalie advise permit allow admit forbid imagine considerdoingsth e g Thelittleboyadmittedhavingbrokentheglass Theyshouldn tallowparkinginthestreet it stoonarrow Canyouimaginemybeingsostupid Iforbidsmokinginmyhouse Wedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice 即时巩固练习 用所给动词的todo或 doing形式填空 1 LittleTomregretted waste somuchtimeplayingcomputergames 2 Theywereexpecting get theresultsoftheexamination 3 Willyouadvisemewhichofthem buy 4 Onthebustheyoungmanpretended notsee theoldwomanstandingbesidehim havingwasted toget tobuy nottosee 5 WeallconsiderJohn be anhonestboy 6 Ourbossforbids chat duringofficehours 7 Therulesdonotpermitplayers step outofbounds 8 Theboybeggedtopermithim explain 9 Theyoungmanimagined live onalonelyisland 10 Itwasuselesstoforbidchildren play here toplay living toexplain tostep chatting tobe 11 Whyhavetheydelayed open thenewschool 12 Sheenjoys practise dance beforethelargemirror 13 Bytakingthebackway heescaped see 14 I dprefer stay herewaitingforhisarrival 15 Asthemeetingwasbeginning weallstopped talk opening practicing beingseen tostay talking dancing 16 ThiskindofcarisnicebutIcan tafford buy one 17 I msorryIforgot tell youaboutthemeeting 18 Shetried comfort mebysayingsomefunnythings19 Goingonwaitingheremeans waste ourtime 20 Theywenton work inthefieldsinspiteoftheheavyrain working wasting comforting totell tobuy 2 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别 1 现在分词用来说明主语的性质 可用very来修饰 如 Thenewsissurprising surprising用来说明Thenews的性质 可以说verysurprising Hiswordswereencouraging encouraging用来说明Hiswords的性质 可以说veryencouraging 动名词和主语说的是同一件事 不可用very来修饰 如 MyjobisteachingEnglish Myjob teachingEnglish 不可说veryteachingEnglish Teachingisalsolearning Teaching learning 不可说verylearning 2 注意现在分词和动名词作表语与现在进行时的区别 如 Hisviewisveryalarming 现在分词作表语表示主语的性质 Whathelikestodoisstayingathomealoneandreading 动名词作表语表示的是某一件事情 HeiswatchingthefootballgameonTV 现在进行时表示某动作在进行 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别 如 Mybikeisbroken broken形容词作表语 表示 状态 MybikewasbrokenbyJim 动词过去分词构成被动语态 表示 动作 3 还要注意现在分词和过去分词作表语在意义上的区别 过去分词作表语表示人的感觉 主语通常是人 现在分词作表语表示事物本身的特点 主语通常是事物 如 I minterestedinEnglish 我的感觉 觉得有趣 Thefilmisinteresting 电影本身的特点是使人有趣 类似情况还有 surprising surprised exciting excited tiring tired disappointing disappointed encouraging encouraged interesting interested amazed amazing bored boring pleasing pleased astonishing astonished 即时巩固练习 用所给动词的todo或 doing形式填空 1 Thejourneywasquite tire 2 Thestoryisvery Weare init interest 3 Theresultoftheexammademe disappoint 4 Thiswasreallyan moment excite 5 The boycouldn tbelievehisears astonish tiring interested disappointed exciting astonished interesting 即时巩固练习 6 Itwasa story Wedidn twanttolistenagain bore 7 Heseemedquite attheidea delight 8 Theproblemwasquite press 9 Thepresentsituationis encourage 10 Iwas atwhatshesaid puzzle boring delighted pressing encouraging puzzled 4 不定式 分词和动名词作定语的区别 1 动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面 如 Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou Thepoorchildrenhadlittletoeat 它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系 如 Thereissomebooksforyoutoread 可看成 toreadsomebooks I dliketogetsomethingtodrink 可看成 todrinksomething 如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词 注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词 如 Ineedapentowritewith 可看成 towritewiththepen Shenowhasnothingtoworryabout 可看成 toworryaboutnothing 2 现在分词和动名词作定语的区别 现在分词和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系 单个分词作定语放在被修饰的名词的前面 分词短语放在被修饰的名词的后面 如 Afishingboywasseensittingattheendoftheboat afishingboy aboywhowasfishing Thesoldierridingahorsewasmybrother thesoldierridingahorse thesoldierwhowasridingahorse 动名词用来说明用途 和被修饰的名词在逻辑上无主谓关系 动名词作定语只能放在被修饰的名词的前面 如 Therewasonlyonefishingboatontheriver afishingboat aboatusedforfishing Theoldmanneedsawalkingstickwhenhegoesout awalkingstick astickusedforwalking 3 不定式 现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态上有区别 不定式作定语表示将来的动作 如 Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonthisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver 现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作 如 Thebridgebeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver 过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作 如 Thebridgebuiltlastyearisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver 即时巩固练习 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1 Theman question inthepolicestationnowisaspy 2 Aman respect otherswillberespected 3 shecanfindnoone make friendswith 4 Isthereanybody answer thequestion 5 Halfoftheguests invite totheconferencewereforeigners beingquestioned respecting tomake toanswer invited 6 Shewouldbethebest agree theopinion 7 Thematter discuss isveryimportant 8 Thatistheway operate themachine 9 Shewasthenaprofessor love byallherstudents 10 Withmuchmoney spend theboyformedabadhabit toagree beingdiscussed tooperate loved tospend 5 不定式 现在分词 过去分词作宾补的区别 现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系 强调动作在进行 如 Isawhimfallingoffhisbikejustatthatmoment 看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来 Hefoundhimselflyingonthegroundwhenhecametohimself 他苏醒过来时正躺在地上 不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系 强调动作的过程 如 Isawhimfalloffhisbikeandhurthisleftleg 看到他从自行车上掉下来 并且摔伤了腿 动作有先后 是全过程 Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight 他们被迫日夜干活 天天如此 不是某个时刻正在干活 过去分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有被动关系 如 Iheardmynamecalledbysomeone 我的名字被叫 myname和called是被动关系 Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind 重担被卸下来了 agreatweight和takenoff是被动关系 即时巩固练习 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1 Imeanttobuyaneveningpaper butIdidn tseeanyone sell them 2 Iknowthat be afact 3 Pauldoesn thavetobemade learn Healwaysworkhard 4 Thepatientwaswarned noteat aftertheexamine 5 JustnowIsawaman walk inthestreet withalittlegirl seat onhisshoulder selling tobe tolearn nottoeat walking seated 6 Theladylovedtohaveherluggage weigh 7 Whodidtheteacherhave clean theblackboardjustnow 8 Businessesarebeginning develop newmethodsofreachingcustomers 9 Thethiefwascaught steal goodsinthesupermarketagain 10 WhathappenedtoMr Whiteearlythismorning Oh hewasseen knock downandthedriver drive away weighed clean todevelop stealing knocked drove 6 不定式和现在分词作状语的区别 不定式作状语表示 原因 结果 目的 分词作状语表示 原因 结果 时间 伴随情况 1 不定式和分词表示原因时的区别 不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容词后 用来说明产生这种感情的原因 如 Iwassoexcitedtohearthenews 不定式tohearthenews表示激动的原因 Weweresurprisedtoseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage 不定式toseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage表示惊讶的原因 分词表示原因时 它相当于一个原因状语从句 如 Beingamonitor shetakesleadineverything Beingamonitor Asshewasamonitor KnowingsomeEnglish heofferedtobeaninterviewerforus KnowingsomeEnglish AsheknewsomeEnglish 2 不定式和分词表示结果时的区别 不定式表示结果 含有没有预料到的情况的意味 如 Igotuponlytofinditwasrainingoutside 起来时没有料到在下雨 Hewastooexcitedtosayaword 太激动了说不出话 是没有预料到的情况 分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况 如 Hisparentsdied leavinghimalotofmoney 父母去世 钱留给儿子 这是自然的事 Theoutputofirondecreasedby23 lastyear reaching80 000tons 产量下降 到了80 000吨 这是必然结果 即时巩固练习 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1 Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled select newofficers 2 get backmystory herefusedtheinvitation 3 Thebeautifulgirltriedtokillherselfonly save 4 When face withastrongenemy theyhadalwaysretreated 5 wear outafteralongwalk Henrycalledandsaidhecouldn tcome Toselect Toget tobesaved faced Worn 6 Hewassaidtohaverefusedagiftfromher know thatitmeantabribe 7 Thepresidentexpressedhissatisfactionwiththeco operation add thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere 8 Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers inform ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon 9 allow todevelophistalent hecouldbecomeanexcellentartist 10 invite togotocamping Paulorderedanewsleepingbag knowing adding informed Havingbeenallowed Havingbeeninvited 4 使用非谓语动词的注意事项 1 动词不定式可以和疑问代词或副词when what where why who whom which how一起构成不定式短语 但不说whytodo Whynotdo 它表达一种建议 和此部分所说的todo无关 疑问代词或副词 todo 的作用相当于一个名词性从句 如 Myteacherdidn ttellmewhattodonext whatIshoulddonext Hesaidheknewhowtodoit howheshoulddoit ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecometothisdry Idon tknowwhichwaytogo whichwayIshouldgo 4 使用非谓语动词的注意事项 2 形式主语和形式宾语 形式主语 当作主语的不定式或动名词短语过长 谓语部分太短 常用it作形式主语 而把真正的主语放到后面 以保持句子的平衡 如 Itiseasytoworkoutthisproblem Itismydutytohelpthepeoplewhoareintrouble 形式宾语 当作宾语的不定式或动名词短语过长 宾补部分太短 常用it作形式宾语 而把真正的宾语放到宾补后面 亦为保持句子的平衡 如 Ifounditeasytoanswerthisquestion Wethinkitnogoodgivinglittlechildrentoomuchmoney 3 不定式符号的省略 1 两个不定式并列时 后一个常省去to Itoldhertostayandwaitformetocomeback 但表示对比关系时 要带to Hehasn tdecidedtostayatschoolortogohome 2 在下列句型中不定式符号to常省去 Whynotdo wouldratherdo thando You dbetterdo donothingbutdo havenothingtodobutdo 3 简短回答中的不定式符号to后的动词常省去 有时to亦省去 Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithus I dloveto 4 有些动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to 这些动词是 see watch notice lookat hear listento feel make have et 等感官动词和使役动词 这些动词如果用于被动语态 后面的不定式要带to Hisfathermadehimwritetwentymoresentences Hewasmadetowritetwentymoresentencesbyhisfather help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to 也可以不带to Ioftenhelp to dohouseworkathome 5 被省略的不定式是作助动词用的have或be时 要保留这些助动词 Heisnotwhatheusedtobe Didhetellyoutoattendthemeeting No Ioughttohavebeen 4 分词作状语时 分词前可加连词表示强调 Whenheated icecanbechangedintowater Thoughtired Iwentonwiththework Whilewalkinginthestreet Isawaroadaccident 5 分词表伴随情况 其动作和谓语动作须同时发生 Ihadtostayinthehotel waitingforthecartocome Theystoodthere listeningtothebroadcast 但是如果是连续的有先后的几个动作 就不能用分词表伴随情况 Hefinishedhisworkquickly thenwenttothekitchenandbegantocooksupper Theboyfelloffthetreeandbrokehisleftleg 6 不定式 分词和动名词的时态和语态 1 不定式 tohavedone tobedone tohavebeendone现在分词 havingdone beingdone havingbeendone过去分词只有一种形式 done 2 在plan hope expect would should like mean等动词后的不定式的完成时表示没有实现的行为 Ihopedtohaveseenher ButIdidn tseeher Theyexpectedtohavefoundhiminthecave Buttheyfailedtofindhim 7 不定式 现在分词和动名词的逻辑主语 1 不定式的逻辑主语 for ofsb todosth如 It simpossibleforhimtomovesuchabigstone Thequestionistoohardforalittlechildtoanswer 但表示性质的adj good nice kind rude polite impolite clever wise stupid silly foolish right wrong 等而用介词of It scleverofhimtodoso It spoliteofyoutomakeroomfortheoldman 2 动名词的逻辑主语 sb s doing如 LittleFranz sbeinglateagainfortheschoolmadetheteacherveryangry 但动名词作宾语时逻辑主语可用普通格或人称代词的宾格 逻辑主语用普通格 Isuggestedhim his goingtherebytaxi DidyouenjoyZhoujielunsingingattheconcert 3 现在分词的逻辑主语 一分词的独立结构当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时 分词前必须有自己的主语 称为分词的独立结构 Weatherpermitting we llhaveafieldtriptomorrow Motherbeingin Ihadtostayathometolookafterher 但有些分词作状语属习惯用法 分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致 如 Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface hehadfailedthedrivingtestagain Generallyspeaking girlsaremorecarefulthanboys 8 注意以下几种情况不定式的用法 在thefirst thesecond thelast和only之后 只能用todo 如 Hewasthelasttoleavetheclassroom 如果understand realize know用在begin start attempt intend后 只能用todo 如 Ibegantounderstandthetruth 表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo 而用inordernottodo或soasnottodo 如 Inordernottobeseen hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow Nottobeseen hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow Hecameintotheroomthroughthewindowsoasnottobeseen soastodo一般不放在句首 Hegetupatfivethismorningsoastocatchtheearlybus X Soastocatchtheearlybus hegotupatfivethismorning 9 非谓语动词的常用句型 Ittakes 时间 todo spend waste 时间 金钱 doing hadbetter do wouldrather do thando prefer todo doing It snouse good doing It sawasteoftime doing beworth doing beworthyof beingdone 非谓语动词的常用句型 It sworthwhile doing Wouldyoumind doing Wouldyoulike care todo havenochoicebut todo donothingbut do too todo need want require doing beusedto doing 习惯做 havesb do havesb sth doinghavesth done happened todo 即时巩固练习 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1 Thefluisbelieved cause byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat 2 Whenfirst introduce themarket theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess 3 Helenhadtoshout make herself hear abovethesoundofthemusic 4 When compare withthesizeofthewholeearth thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall 5 Youweresillynot lock yourcar tobecaused introduced tomake heard compared tohavelocked 6 Victorapologizedhis notbe abletoinformmeofthechangeintheplan 7 Afterhisjourneyfromabroad RichardJonesreturnedhome exhaust 8 Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledtothethief catch 9 Generally speak When take accordingtothedirections thedrughasnosideeffect 10 Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole play inm