语法专题比较结构.doc

语法专题（七）比较结构一、 比较等级和比较结构 比较等级是指形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级之分。而比较结构是指运用形容词和副词的级别，对两种或两种以上的事物进行比较的短语结构。根据比较级别可以分为三类：一是表示某物和某物一样；二是表示某物比另外某物更加怎么样；三是表示某物最怎么样。下面我们分别来看表示这三种比较的英语结够有哪些。二、 三种比较结构（一）原级：as as结构, 具体在句子中，就有两种应用形式： A is as +adj as B 或者：A do B as + adv + as C (do). Mary is as tall as Betty. I drove as carefully as Tom did. 好，我们来看一下这种结构的一些变化形式：1） 否定式：A is not as/so + adj + as B；或 A do not do B so/as + adv + as C (do).Mary is not so tall as Betty. I did not drive as carefully as Tom did. 2) as +many/much + 名词+ as There are as many students in our class as in their class.We have as much snow this year as last year. 3) A is as + adj + a/an + 名词 + as B Mary is not as beautiful a girl as Betty.I just want to read as interesting a book as that one. 4) A is a/an + 名词 + as + adj + as B.实际上这是将上面第3）种的名词提前，这样as + adj + as B就变成了后置定语。Mary is not a girl as beautiful as Betty.I just want to read a book as interesting as that one. 5）A is as+adj(1) as A is+adj (2).注意：（1）这是 as.as结构比较特殊的用法，是指将同一事物就其两个不同的方面进行比较, 所以结构中的两个形容词是不同的。Mary is as beautiful as she is clever.= Mary is beautiful, and she is clever too.= Mary is both beautiful and clever.= Mary is not only beautiful but also clever.This book is not as intersting as it is instructive.= This book is instructive, but it is not interesting. （2）否定形式中的一种特例：A is not so much a/an B as (A is) a C.翻译是：与其说A是B, 不如说他是C.He killed many innocent people. So he was not so much a hero as a killer.他杀了许多无辜百姓。所以与其说他是英雄，不如说他是杀人犯。 6) 带有修饰语的as.as.结构。 A is almost/exactly/nearly/just/quite/not/not half/half/twice/three times + as +adj as B A do B almost/exactly/nearly/just/quite/not/not half/half/twice/three times as + adv + as C I am just half as tall as Yao Ming. Yao Ming is twice as tall as me. I dont eat half as much as he does. He doesnt work half as hard as me. I work twice as hard as he.（二）比较级：morethan结构，具体在句子中，就有两种应用形式： A is er than B( A is more + adj原级 + than B)，或者： A do B er than C (A do B more +adv原级 + than C.). Mary is taller than Betty. Mary is more beautiful than Betty. Mary studies harder than Betty. I drove more carefully than Tom did. 下面我们来看该结构的各种变形：1) 否定形式 A is noter than B( A is not more + adj原级 + than B) 或者： A dont do B er than C (A dont do B more +adv原级 + than C.).Mary is not more beautiful than Betty. Mary does not study harder than Betty. 注意：这里可以用lessthan来表示morethan的反义，但lessthan 听起来不自然，用asas或morethan更加普通。如：Mary is less beautiful than Betty.= Mary is not as beautiful as Betty.= Betty is more beautiful than Mary.2) more/less/fewer + 名词 +than There are more students in our class than in their class.He makes more money in a month than I do in a year.再将上面两句话换种方式说：There are less (=fewer) students in their class than in ours.I make less money in a year than he does in a month. 3) A is + a/aner/more + adj原级 + 名词 + than B. Mary is a more beautiful girl than Betty. Toms house is a larger house than my house. = Tom has a larger house than mine.4) A is + a/an +名词 +er/more + adj原级 + than B.该结构就是在上面第3）种的基础上将名词提前，这样er/more + adj原级 + than B就变成了后置定语。如：Mary is a girl more beautiful than Betty. Toms house is a house larger than mine. = Tom has a house larger than mine. 5）A is more+adj(1) + (a/an+名词) + than +adj (2).注意：这是more.than结构用来将同一事物就其两个不同的方面进行比较, 所以结构中的两个形容词是不同的。翻译成：与其说A（2），不如说它（1）。如：Mary is more beautiful than clever. 与其说玛丽聪明，不如说她漂亮。 = Mary is less clever than beautiful. Mary is more a beautiful girl than a clever girl. = Mary is less a clever girl than a beautiful girl.6）带有修饰语的morethan结构A is + a little, a bit, a lot, even, far, many, much, rather, slightly, twice, three times +er than B( A is + 以上副词修饰语 + more + adj原级 + than B) 或者： A do B +以上副词修饰语 +er than C (A do B+ 副词修饰语 + more +adv原级 + than C.) Mary is even more beautiful than Betty. There are many more students in our class than in theirs. I have much more money than he has. He makes twice more money than me. Our Chinese team had won three times more golden medals than their team had.（三）最高级：the most结构，具体在句子中，就有两种应用形式： A is the est +比较范围. (A is the most + adj原级+比较范围) 或者： A do B theest +比较范围. (A do B the most + adj原级+比较范围) Mary is the most beautiful in our class. Mary works (the) hardiest in our class. (有时the可以省略) 下面我们来看一下变形的形式： 1）A is the est + 名词 +比较范围. (A is the most + adj+名词原级+比较范围) 其实就是在adj之后接了名词。 Mary is the most beautiful girl in our class. 2) the most/fewest/least + 名词这是表示最多/最少的什么东西。Which country in the world produces the most wine?Harry made the fewest mistakes in his class.Tom drank the least wine among last night.3) 最高级the most有时可以用比较级more than 来表示：Tom is the tallest boy in his class. = Tom is taller than any other boy in his class. 4）最高级the most有时前面可以用副词by far来修饰，表示到目前为止，某事物是最怎么样的。 Gold is by far the most valuable metal in the world.三 比较结构的其他用法 根据上述第二大点我们知道，比较结构一般是用来比较事物的；但有时候比较结构不是表示对比，而有其它特殊的用法和形式。我们来看看有哪些。1） more than 固定连用，表示的意义如下：a) A is more than + 形容词：非常，很b)A is more than + 名词： 不仅仅c) A is more than + 句子： 表否定含义，可以翻译成 “超出，难以”等等。a)I was more than happy to hear your good news.= I was very happy to hear your good news.b)He is more than a teacher to me.= He is not only a teacher to me. (And he is my good friend, too.)c)The beauty of Mary is more than I can describe.= Mary is so beautiful that I can not describe her.2) A is no +adj比较级 + than B. 或者 A do B no +adv比较级 + than C. 注意：此时的意思并不是说：A事物不如B事物怎么样。或者：A做B事不如C怎么样。而是表示两者都不怎么样。如： Mary is no more beautiful than Betty. 玛丽和贝蒂都不漂亮。 = Mary is as ugly as Betty. Tom works no harder than John. 汤姆和约翰学习都不努力。 = Tom is as lazy as John.3) A is no +adj比较级 +a/an+名词+ than B. 实际上就在上面第2）结构中adj之后加了名词词组而已,还是表示否定两者。 Mary is no more a beautiful than Betty. = Mary is as ugly a girl as Betty. Mary is no more a writer than a painter. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.4) no more than 固定连用，相当于副词，表示仅仅、最多只有。（= only，at most）no less than 固定连用，相当于副词，表示至少。(=at least) There are no more than 30 students in our class. There are no less than 60 students in their class.5) the more,the more:越。，就越。The more (adj的比较级) A is, the more (adj的比较级) A/B is. 或者：The more (adv的比较级)A do B, the more (adv的比较级)A/C do D.The better the weather is, the happier I am.The older he got, the more modest he became.The earlier you set off, the earlier you arrive.The less she worried, the better she worked.再看一下上面结构的省略形式The more, the better.The sooner, the better.6) 两个比较级的词用and连接，表示越来越。er and er; more and more + adj/adv原级Tom is talller and taller.Mary is more and more beautiful.They drove more and more carefully.The car was running more and more slowly.（九）比较结构配套练习：1. How did you find your visit to the museum?- I enjoyed it very much. It was _ than I expected.A. so more interesting B. very more interestingC. far more interesting D. a lot much interesting2. It is by far _ instructive film I have ever seen. A. the more B. better C. the most D. most3. There are _ opportunities waiting for us. Dont give up. A. much more B. many more C. very more D. rather many4. I couldnt catch up with her; she ran _quickly than I. A. far less B. lot more C. the most D. far more5. We advertised for students to work as volunteers last summer and got _ 60. A. more than B. less much than C. as much as D so many as6. The more you learn, _ you will be able to serve the people. A. the less B. the most C. the best D. the better7. He is _ than John. A. more efficiently a worker B. more efficient a workerC. more an efficient worker D. a worker more efficiently 8. He is _ as his brother. A. a not as intelligent boy B. not so intelligent a boy C. not intelligent as a boy D. not so an intelligent boy9. He speaks English well indeed, but of course not _ a native speaker.A. so fluently as B. as fluent as C. more fluent than D. much fluently than10. Bob ran the 100 meters in 9.91seconds, and Ive not seen _ this year. A. the best B. the most C. more D. better11. Mr. Smith owns _ collection of coins than anyone else I know. A. a larger B. the larger C. very large D. the largest12. _ the temperature, _ water turns into stream. A. The higher, The faster B. Higher, faster C. The more high, the more fast D. The higher is, the more 13. Which subject do you like _, physics or chemistry? A. the more B. the most C. better D. more much14. He has been ill for a long time; is he _ today? A. much more well B. even better C. much more C any better15. John