英国文学.培根1.ppt

ABriefHistoryofEnglishLiterature 1 Theline What spastisprologue isfrom sTempest 凡是过去 皆为序章 暴风雨 1 Theline What spastisprologue isfrom sTempest 凡是过去 皆为序章 暴风雨 凡是过去 皆为序章 2 Thefamousaphorism Knowledgeispower isfoundintheMeditationsby FrancisBacon 3 Theaphorism Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthanhefinds isby 智者创造机会 而不是等待机会 FrancisBacon FrancisBacon 弗朗西斯培根 1561 1626 SirFrancisBacon Astatesman scientist philosopher andessayistofthelateRenaissanceEngland 1561 1626 ContemporaryofShakespeare ElizabethI Galilei andGuiYouguang 1 MetQueenElizabethI 9 Life Famouslyreplied TwoyearsyoungerthanYourMajesty shappyreign 2 EnteredTrinityCollege Cambridge 12 3 In1584 electedtoParliament 23 4 In1603 Knighted 42 5 In1617 becameLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal highestpossibleposition 56 6 In1618 madeLordChancellor Life 7 In1618 elevatedtopeerage Britishnobles 8 In1621 chargedwithcorruptionandbribery 60 9 In1626 diedindisgrace 65 Bacon sliterarypowerandsuccessfindfineexpressionchieflyinhisbestknownliteraryworkEssays Shortastheyare theseessaysshowBacon sprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety ThefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature AnimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose FrancisBacon thefirstmajorEnglishessayist commentsforcefullyinOfStudiesonthevalueofreading writing andlearning NoticeBacon srelianceonparallelstructures inparticular tricolons throughoutthisconcise aphoristicessay Bacon sEssays HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose Bacon sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity compactnessandpowerfulness Andtheneatness thepreciseness thegravity andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives Essay ADefinition Itisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic usuallyrestrictedinscope ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview AnAnalysisofOfStudies OfStudies MainideaItdiscussesthebenefitsofstudying Studyingisapplyingthemindtolearningandunderstandingasubject especiallythroughreading whichisperhapswhyby studying SirFrancisBaconmostlyreferstoreading Inthisshortessay hestrivestopersuadeustostudy andtellsushowtostudyifwearetomakethebestofwhatweread OfStudies Details1 Whatdostudiesservefor 2 Whatattitudesandwaysareadoptedbydifferentpeopletostudy 3 Howdostudiesinfluencehumancharacter 1 theuseandabuseofstudies 2 theproperandimproperwaystopursueone sstudies 3 theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter 1 theuseandabuseofstudies 2 theproperandimproperwaystopursueone sstudies 3 theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter 最广为流传的译作是论学习 等 该译语言精炼优美传神 为广大读者视为是最权威的版本 王佐良 1916 1995 浙江上虞人 诗人 翻译家 教授 英国文学研究专家 1 Studiesservefordelight forornament andforability Theirchiefusefordelight isinprivatenessandretiring forornament isindiscourse andforability isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness 读书足以怡情 足以傅彩 足以长才 其怡情也 最见于独处幽居之时 其傅彩也 最见于高谈阔论之中 其长才也 最见于处世判事之际 1 Studiesservefordelight forornament andforability Theirchiefusefordelight isinprivatenessandretiring forornament isindiscourse andforability isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness Studyasanactivity inwhateverform bringsusjoyandenhancesourthinking speakingandwritingability addingcharmtoourpersonality 2 Forexpertmencanexecute andperhapsjudgeofparticulars onebyone butthegeneralcounsels andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs comebestfromthosethatarelearned 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节 然纵观统筹 全局策划 则舍好学深思者莫属 2 Forexpertmencanexecute andperhapsjudgeofparticulars onebyone butthegeneralcounsels andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs comebestfromthosethatarelearned Itenablesthelearnedmen whohavestudiedextensively tocriticallyexamineissues andarriveattherightconclusion Theycangarnerdata factsandargumentsoragainstaparticularviewrationally Suchintelligentanalysisoffactsimprovesthesoundnessandqualityoftheirjudgment 3 Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth tousethemtoomuchforornament isaffectation tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules isthehumorofascholar 读书费时过多易惰 文采藻饰太盛则矫 全凭条文断事乃学究故态 Becarefulnottooverindulgeinstudyasthisleadstolaziness pretentiousnessorinsularity 4 Theyperfectnature andareperfectedbyexperience fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants thatneedproyning bystudy andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience 读书补天然之不足 经验又补读书之不足 盖天生才干犹如自然花草 读书然后知如何修剪移接 而书中所示 如不以经验范之 则又大而无当 Knowledgeimprovesexperienceandexperienceimprovesknowledge 5 Craftymencondemnstudies simplemenadmirethem andwisemenusethem fortheyteachnottheirownuse butthatisawisdomwithoutthem andabovethem wonbyobservation 有一技之长者鄙读书 无知者羡读书 唯明智之士用读书 然书并不以用处告人 用书之智不在书中 而在书外 全凭观察得之 5 Craftymencontemnstudies simplemenadmirethem andwisemenusethem fortheyteachnottheirownuse butthatisawisdomwithoutthem andabovethem wonbyobservation Peoplewhoarecunninganddeceitfulhavenoappreciationforstudiesastheyaccomplishtheirobjectivesthroughmanycrookedways Simplefolks however greatlyvaluetheroleofstudiesinhumanlife Wisepeopleinherentlydrawupontheideasobtainedfromtheirstudieswhilesolvinglife smyriadproblems 6 Readnottocontradictandconfute nortobelieveandtakeforgranted nortofindtalkanddiscourse buttoweighandconsider 读书时不可存心诘难读者 不可尽信书上所言 亦不可只为寻章摘句 而应推敲细思 Theaimofreadingandacquiringknowledgemustnotbetoaggressivelyrefuteother sviewsoracceptthewriter sviewsasgospeltruth Itshouldalsonotbetoengageinpointlessdiscussionandargumentation Studyingshouldenableustoweighfactsandanalyzethemrationally 7 Somebooksaretobetasted otherstobeswallowed andsomefewtobechewedanddigested thatis somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts otherstoberead butnotcuriously andsomefewtobereadwholly andwithdiligenceandattention 书有可浅尝者 有可吞食者 少数则须咀嚼消化 换言之 有只需读其部分者 有只须大体涉猎者 少数则须全读 读时须全神贯注 孜孜不倦 7 Somebooksaretobetasted otherstobeswallowed andsomefewtobechewedanddigested thatis somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts otherstoberead butnotcuriously andsomefewtobereadwholly andwithdiligenceandattention Booksofvaryingcontentandgenrearetobemadeuseofdifferently Somemaybegivenacursoryreading someotherscanbequicklysiftedthrough Otherimportantbooksaretobereadslowlyandminutelysoastotrulyfathomthemeaningandunderlyingsense 8 Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy andextractsmadeofthembyothers butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments andthemeanersortofbooks elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters flashythings 书亦可请人代读 取其所作摘要 但只限题材较次或价值不高者 否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏 淡而无味 8 Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy andextractsmadeofthembyothers butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments andthemeanersortofbooks elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters flashythings Onecanaskanassistanttoreadabookandprepareashortsummaryofit Butsuchpracticeshouldbefollowedforobtainingguidanceonmattersoflesserimportance Therearesomebookswhichare infact shortenedalready 9 Readingmakethafullman conferenceareadyman andwritinganexactman Readingaddsperfectiontoaman spersonality 读书使人充实 讨论使人机智 笔记使人准确 Discussingwithothersaboutthecontentsofabookimpartsspecialpracticalskillstothereader Writingremovesalltheresidualweaknessesandignorancefromthepersonandenableshimtorememberthecontentsofabook 10 Andtherefore ifamanwritelittle hehadneedhaveagreatmemory ifheconferlittle hehadneedhaveapresentwit andifhereadlittle hehadneedhavemuchcunning toseemtoknowthathedothnot 因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强 不常讨论者须天生聪颖 不常读书者须欺世有术 始能无知而显有知 So writinghelpstomemorizefacts Ifapersonisbashfulsoasnottodiscusshisreadingwithothers hewillnotbeabletoimprovehiswit Ifhedoesnotread hewillremainasomewhatstupidperson 11 Historiesmakemenwise poetswitty themathematicssubtle naturalphilosophydeep moralgrave logicandrhetoricabletocontend Abeuntstudiainmores 读史使人明智 读人灵秀 数学使人周密 科学使人深刻 伦理学使人庄重 逻辑修辞之学使人善辩 凡有所学 皆成性格 11 Historiesmakemenwise poetswitty themathematicssubtle naturalphilosophydeep moralgrave logicandrhetoricabletocontend Abeuntstudiainmores Studyinghistorymakesamanwiser studyingpoetrymakesamanwittier mathematicsgivessoundlogicalsense andphilosophyimpartsvaluablelessonsonmorality Studiespassintoandinfluencemanners 12 Nay thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins shootingforthelungsandbreast gentlewalkingforthestomach ridingforthehead andthelike 人之才智但有滞碍 无不可读适当之书使之顺畅 一如身体百病 皆可借相宜之运动除之 滚球利睾肾 射箭利胸肺 慢步利肠胃 骑术利头脑 诸如此类 13 Soifaman switbewandering lethimstudythemathematics forindem