语言学ppt课件.ppt

Morpheme 1 一 语素和语素变体语素 一种语言里最小的音义结合体 语素变体 属于同一语素的略有差异的单位 由语音变体和语义变体 语素的语音变体 一 y y y 一次 依次 不变 y 一天 一年 一晚 医师 医学 医典 不变 yi 看一看 不 b b b 不易 不对 布艺 不变 部队 不变 2 语素的语义变体 难闻 味臭ch u 惹人厌恶的 架子 不高明 主意 狠狠地 骂一顿 稻米 大米 糯米米m 泛指去皮后的种子 仁 花生米 小粒像米一样 石米米m 长度单位 1米 3尺 3 二 词和词的构成词是最小的能自由运用的单位 最小的 使之与短语区别 自由运用 使之与语素区别 词由语素构成 可根据语素构成词的情况 将词分类 单纯词词派生词合成词复合词此外 内部屈折法 好 好 full fill 重音移动法 present priznt pri znt permit p mit 许可证 名 p mit 允许 重叠法 往 往往 单 单单 偏 偏偏 缩减法 疗效 科研 4 根据语素在词的构成中的地位和作用 语素可分为词根语素和附加语素 附加语素也叫词缀 附加语素在词根语素之后叫后缀 只有语法意义没有词汇意义的后缀叫词尾 附加语素词根语素附加语素前缀 后缀词尾actactoractorsactsactedreactreaction老虎老鼠桌子石头软化词的构成的层次性 高射机枪gentlemanly 有绅士风度的 5 2 1Morphemes Thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning whetheritislexicalorgrammatical boys chairman checking disappointment disestablishmentarianism 6 2 2Typesofmorphemes Freevs Boundmorphemes Freemorphemes thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves egboy girl table nation Boundmorphemes thosethatcannotoccuralone eg s ed dis un Allmonomorphemicwordsarefreemorphemes Polymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemesarecompounds paymaster moonwalk babysit godfather sunflower 7 Root thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity egfriendasinunfriendliness Rootsmaybefree thosethatcanstandbythemselves egblack board nation al orbound thosethatcannotstandbythemselves eg ceiveinreceive perceive conceive remit submit permit commitretain contain maintainincur recur occur AfewEnglishrootsmayhavebothfreeandboundvariants sleep slept child children 8 Affix thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme Normallydividedintoprefix dis un andsuffix en ify infix feet goose geese abso bloomingly lutely 9 Base amorphemetowhichanaffixisadded egAbaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded aformtowhicharuleofword formationisapplied Anyrootorstemcanbeabase desirableisabaseinundesirable internationisabaseininternational friendroot basefriendlyroot base suffix baseunfriendlyprefix base baseunfriendlinessbase suffix base 10 Stem amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded egfriend s write ing possibility es Inflection grammaticalendings egplural tense comparative etc Derivation combinationofabaseandanaffixtoformanewword egfriend ly friendly 11 12 Sememevs MorphemeSememeisthesmallestcomponentofmeaning Themorpheme shasonlyonesememe PLURALITY meaningmorethanone 2 4Sememevs Morpheme andPhonemevs Morpheme 13 FiveoccasionsoftherelationshipOnemorphemevs onesememe less WITHOUT fearless careless countless facelessOnemorphemevs morethanonesememea 1 arise await enhancethemeaningoftheoriginalsensesriseandwait 2 awash ablush changesboththesemanticandthegrammaticalcatoriesofwashandblush verb adj 3 atypical asymmertry no nonOnesememevs morethanonemorphemeno non atypical erostrate illegal neither untidy 14 Morphemesthathavenospecificsememeen hasnospecificsememe butmayhelpchangegrammaticalandsemanticcategories joy adj quality enjoy verb event cran cranberry blueberry blackberry cloudberryFunctionchangesinbothsememeandmorphemewithoutmorphemechangerun runacompany verb event inashortrun noun thing Nomorphemechange butthesememeischanged progress fish fat verb event noun thing adj quality 15 Morphemevs phonemeMorphophonology Morphonology Morphonemics Morphophonemics abranchoflinguisticsthatreferstotheanalysisandclassificationofthephonologicalfactorsthataffectthemorphemeformsand correspondingly themorphologicalfactorsthataffectthephonemeforms Itstudiestheinterrelationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphology 16 Asinglephonemevs asinglemorphemeAsinglephonememayrepresentasinglemorpheme buttheyarenotidentical 17 Asinglemorphemevs multiplephonemeMorphemesmayalsoberepresentedbyphonologicalstructuresotherthanasinglephoneme Thus thesyllabic phonologicalstructureofawordanditsmorphemic grammaticalstructuredonotnecessarilycorrespond tell er te l big g er bi g 18 19 Morpheme likephoneme isanabstractunit butonahigherlevelofabstraction Itconsistsofasequenceofclassesofphonemesandhaseitherlexicalorgra