现代大学英语精读5Book unit 5 Love is a Fallacy.ppt

WandCheng jun LessonFive LessonFiveLoveisaFallacy byMaxShulman WandCheng jun TeachingContents Preview adiscussiononloveandrecognitionoflogicalfallaciesBackground MaxSchulman logicfallaciesTextanalysis thestructure writingtechniques thefigurativelanguageExtension Writing LoveisaFallacyorNot WandCheng jun Loveisaneasygametoplay Loveisblue likethe blue in bluemovies Loveisblind Loveisakindofemotionthatmakesyoufeelupanddown Loveisafallacy Onceyougetusedtoeachother itbecomeslife nomoreloveexisting Loveisingivingratherthanintaking Howdoyouthinkofsomeofthefollowingviewpointsconcerninglove workingroups Warm up Oneishalfwhenhe sheisborn He Shespendsmostofhis hertimeinsearchoftheotherhalf Eventually he shefindshis herlove WandCheng jun Yesterday Beatles Yesterday Allmytroublesseemedsofaraway Nowitlooksasthoughthey reheretostay Oh Ibelieveinyesterday Suddenly I mnothalfthemanIusedtobe There sashadowhangingoverme Oh yesterdaycamesuddenly WhysheHadtogoIdon tknow shewouldn tsay Isaid Somethingwrong nowIlongforyesterday Yesterday Lovewassuchaneasygametoplay NowIneedaplacetohideaway Oh Ibelieveinyesterday WhysheHadtogoIdon tknow shewouldn tsay Isaid Somethingwrong nowIlongforyesterday Yesterday Lovewassuchaneasygametoplay NowIneedaplacetohideaway Oh Ibelieveinyesterday WandCheng jun Loveisblue Blue bluemyworldisblueBlueismyworldnowI mwithoutyouGrey greymylifeisgreyColdismyheartsinceyouwentawayRed redmyeyesareredCryingforyoualoneinmybedGreen greenmyjealousheartIdoubtedyouandnowwe reapartWhenwemethowthebrightsunshoneThenloveisdieNowtherainbowisgoneBlack blackthenightI veknownlongingforyousolostandaloneGone gonetheloveweknewBlueismyworldnowI mwithoutyou WandCheng jun TheAuthorLogicFallacies BackgroundInformation WandCheng jun MaxShulman 1919 1988 isoneoftheAmerica sbest knownhumorists Heisawriterofmanytalents hehaswrittennovels stories Broadwayplays moviescenariosandtelevisionscripts I Author MaxShulmanisbestrememberedforcreatingthepopularcharacterDobieGillis atypicalAmericanteenwhofrequentlysufferedfromromanticangst afeelingofpersistentworry Thecharacterappearedonapopulartelevisionsitcom i e situationcomedy情景剧 duringthe1950sandwasinafeaturefilmin1953 WandCheng jun OtherworksbyMaxShulman I Author Cont WandCheng jun II LogicFallacies DictoSimpliciter 绝对判断 HastyGeneralization 草率结论 不完全归纳 PostHoc 牵强附会 假性因果 ContradictoryPremises 矛盾前提 二立背反 大前提有毛病AdMisericordiam 拉丁文 意思为诉诸同情 aLatinphrasemeaning topity afallacyinlogicofappealingtopityorcompassion FalseAnalogy 错误类比 HypothesisContrarytoFact 与事实相反的假设 PoisoningtheWell 投毒下井 WandCheng jun Argument Inordertounderstandwhatafallacyis onemustunderstandwhatanargumentis Verybriefly anargumentconsistsofoneormorepremisesandoneconclusion Therearetwomaintypesofarguments deductiveandinductive Adeductiveargumentisanargumentsuchthatthepremisesprovidecompletesupportfortheconclusion Aninductiveargumentisanargumentsuchthatthepremisesprovidesomedegreeofsupport butlessthancompletesupport fortheconclusion WandCheng jun 归纳法与演绎法 前提与结论 某农妇养小鸡10只 公母各半 她预备母鸡养大生蛋 公鸡则养至100天后陆续杀以佐餐 天天早晨她拿米喂鸡 到100天的早晨 一只公鸡正这样想到 第一天早晨有米吃 第二天早晨有米吃 第99天早晨有米吃 所以今天 是第100天 一定有米吃 但是农妇把这只鸡杀了 人总是要死的 但死的意义有不同 中国古时候有个文学家叫做司马迁的说过 人固有一死 或重于泰山 或轻于鸿毛 为人民利益而死 就比泰山还重 替法西斯卖力 替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死 就比鸿毛还轻 张思德同志是为人民利益而死的 他的死是比泰山还要重的 为人民服务 毛泽东 WandCheng jun Fallacy Fallaciesaredefectsinanargument otherthanfalsepremises whichcauseanargumenttobeinvalid unsound 无根据的 有缺点地 orweak Byunderstandingwhatfallaciesare youcanavoidmakingthemandmoreeasilydetectthemintheworkofothers 1 anideawhichmanypeoplebelievetobetruebutwhichisinfactfalsebecauseitisbasedonincorrectinformationorfaultyreasoning 2 aweaknessandlackoflogicorgoodsenseinanargumentorpieceofarguing E g Thebeliefthatwomenarealwaysweakerthanmenisjustafallacy WandCheng jun Practising Analyzethefollowingfallacieswiththehelpofthetext WandCheng jun 1 Peopleallovertheworldarepeace loving 2 Hisparentslovehim HisMissRightloveshim too So everybodyheknowsloveshim 3 Don teateggsbeforeanexam Iamflunked 不及格 everytimewhenItakeanexamaftereatinganegg 4 Hedecidedtogiveupallhisdecisions DictoSimpliciter 绝对判断 HastyGeneralization 草率结论 PostHoc 牵强附会 ContradictoryPremises 矛盾前提 Analyzethefollowingfallacies WandCheng jun 5 Whentheinterviewerasksthejob huntertomakeabriefself introduction herepliesthathehastofindajobtoaffordhisoldparentsandyoungchildrenwhoarenowsufferingfromhunger AdMisericordiam 诉诸同情 6 Wecantakebooksandfoodinthetrain thenshouldn twetakeabombwithusinthetrain FalseAnalogy 错误类比 7 IfChinesepeoplehadnotoverthrowntheKuomingtangRegime wewouldnotliveahappylifetoday HypothesisContrarytoFact 与事实相反的假设 WandCheng jun 8 WhenthenewteacheraskedPetertoanswerthequestion Tomrosetohisfeetandsaid Peterisadunce 蠢材 笨学生 heknowsnothingaboutwhatyouaretalkingabout PoisoningtheWell 井下投毒 9 AllstudentsinthisuniversitycanspeakEnglishwell DictoSimpliciter 绝对判断 10 Iwillnotgotothelibraryanymore becauseeverytimeIgothere itrains PostHoc 牵强附会 WandCheng jun LearningofLogicFallacies Appreciationoflogicfallacies WandCheng jun 1 DictoSimpliciter 绝对判断 thefallacyiscommittedbyanargumentthatappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmaketheruleinappropriate Examples Carisfast Thereforeeverytimewehangout weshoulddriveacar Dogisapet Everyonelikesit Posteducationisbeneficial soeveryoneshouldatleastgetabachelordegree JapanesewagedawartoChinese whichhadnothingtodowithhumanitybuteverythingtodowithaggression ThereforeeveryJapaneseisguiltyandshouldbecondemned WandCheng jun 2 HastyGeneralization 草率结论 Thefallacyarguesimproperlyfromaspecialcasetoageneralrule Examples Asportsprogramisinteresting Anentertainmentprogramisinteresting ATVseriesisinteresting ThereforeeveryTVprogramisinteresting Ihaven tseenaUFO Jasonhasn teither MsYanhasn tprobably sonoUFOatall WandCheng jun HastyGeneralization Cont MrWang shandwritingisterrible Mr Hu shandwritingisalsoterribleandyouknowhowterriblemen shandwritingis Itappliesaspecialcasetogeneralrule Thatfactthatcertainperson shandwritingisbaddoesn timplythatallmen shandwritingisbad WandCheng jun 3 PostHoc 牵强附会 ThisfallacyassumesthatifeventYhappenedaftereventX thenXmustbethecauseofY Examples Don tsingthissong Everytimeyousingthissong thebabygetssick Ineverdrinkpurifiedwater eachtimeIdoI llgetdiarrhea da ri 腹泻 Hiseyesareverybig sohemusthavegoodeyesight WandCheng jun 4 ContradictoryPremises 矛盾前提 TheconclusioniscontradictorytothepremiseThisisthemightiestswordwhichisabletoshatteranyshield andthatisthemostindestructibleshieldwhichiscapableofenduringanystroke Ithinkheistheinvincible不可战胜的manintheworld andnothingispowerfulenoughtodefeathim But ofcourse hehascertaindrawbacksthatmightcausehimlose WandCheng jun 5 AdMisericordiam 诉诸同情 文不对题 Thefallacyofirrelevantconclusioniscommittedwhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisatissueinthepremises Hewaslatetotheclasstoday Becausehewasscoldedbyhismotheryesterday Haveyouhadlunch Igotuplatethismorning andunfortunatelyIfelldownfrommybikewhenridingtoschool WandCheng jun Admisericordian anappealtopity Lookatthisfourteen year oldchildwho srunawayfromhometohidehershame pregnant unwashed friendless penniless atthemercyofoursocialserviceagencies Canyoutillclaimthatsexshouldbetaughtintheclassroom Inthisshiftyapproachtoargumentation thewritergivestearjerkingdescriptionsofthecruelopponents victimsinordertoarousesympathyfromthereader WandCheng jun 6 FalseAnalogy 错误类比 SincewehavemooncakesintheMoonFestival whydon twehavespringcakesintheSpringFestival BeforethefoundingofthePeople sRepublic eatingrottenvegetablesandbranwassocommontothepeople SoIdon tthinkitisunbearabletoeattheremainsofthemeal WandCheng jun FalseAnalogy Cont Highschoolshouldnotrequireafreshmanwritingcourse Harvarddoesn trequireafreshmanwritingcourse andthestudentsgetalongfinewithoutit Theanalogyisfalsebecausethetwoitemsdon thavestrongenoughsimilaritiestopredictthatwhathappensinonewillhappenintheother WandCheng jun 7 HypothesisContrarytoFact 与事实相反的假设 Ifthegunpowderhadn tbeeninvented therewouldn thavebeensomanywarsintheworld HowcouldyouhavepassedtheexamwhatifIhadn ttoldyoutheanswerinadvance WandCheng jun 8 PoisoningtheWell 井下投毒 speakingagainsttheman Thisfallacymakesapersonalattackonapersonwhoholdssomethesis insteadofofferinggroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse Don tlistentoanywordfromhim forheismostshamefulcheatingaroundtheworld Thedefendantkilledthevictimcruelly IsuggestLordsentencehimguilty WandCheng jun SettingPlotConflictCharactersPointofviewTheme TextAppreciation Elementsofastory AnAmericanuniversity DobieGillisintendstomarryPollyEspy whoishisroommate PeteyBurch sgirlfriendthroughhissuitablere education Protagonist DobieGillis Antagonist PeteyBurch PollyEspy Thefirstpersonpointofview Logics Love WandCheng jun Structureofthestory PartI 4 59 PartII 60 61 PartIII 62 98 PartIV 99 123 PartV 124 125 PartVI 126 154 thedealbetweenDobbieandPeteythefirstdatebetweenDobbieandPollytheseconddatethethirddatethetransitionalparagraphthefinaldate WandCheng jun Thefunctionofthefirst3paras Theauthor snotes Theauthor sideaaboutthepurposeofthisstory logicisaliving breathingthing fullofbeauty passionandtrauma WandCheng jun Keywords 1 Pedantic Characterizedbyanarrow oftenostentatiousconcernforbooklearningandformalrules迂腐的 乏味apedanticattentiontodetails 学究式地注意细枝末节apedanticstyleofwriting 学究式的写作风格 anacademicinsistenceonprecision 一种学院式的苛求精神 donnishrefinementofspeech 学究式的雅语 2 ofSundays colloquial Alongtime WandCheng jun PartI paras4 59 Narrator Petey Polly roommates lovers Cool logical keen calculating perspicacious acute astute aspowerfulasadynamo aspreciseasachemist sscale Dumbasanox nicebutnothingupstairs emotional unstable impressionable afaddist Beautiful gracious anerectnessofcarriage aneaseofbearing thebestofbreeding exquisitemanners unintelligent WandCheng jun Whatdidtheywantrespectively Whathappenedamongthem Peteywantedaraccooncoat ThenarratorwantedPolly Theymadeadeal Isabargain Willyoutakethecoat WandCheng jun WhatisthetopicsentenceofPara 50 Howdoesthewriterdeveloptheideaexpressedinthetopicsentence Hewasatornman Thewriterdevelopstheparagraphbyillustrativeexampleofthebehaviorofthetornman WandCheng jun ExamplesofEllipsisandInversion ExamplesofAntithesis Para 27 50 ExampleofHyperbole Para 4 50 Para 5 14 16 21 25 36 WandCheng jun AmericanColloquialismandSlang 1 nothingupstairs slang 2 pin up colloquialism 3 keen slang 4 kid colloquialism 5 gosteady colloquialism 6 causalkick colloquialismorslang empty headed thecorrespondingBritishslangis unfurnishedintheupperstorey designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls good fine excellent ayoungperson todatesomeoneoftheoppositesexregularlyandexclusively anoccasionalpleasure notaseriouscommitment WandCheng jun KeySentences 1 CharlesLamb asmerryandenterprisingafellowasyouwillmeetinamonthofSundays unfetteredtheinformalessaywithhismemorableOldChinaandDream sChildren 古瓷 和 梦中的孩子 像CharlesLamb这样快乐和富有创新精神的人物并不常见 他写了 古瓷 和 梦中的孩子 这两篇文章 这两篇文章可以说解放了散文 WandCheng jun 2 Fads Isubmit aretheverynegationofreason Para5 Suggest propose Thecompletelackofsomepositivecharacter Soundthought Ibelievefollowingpassingcrazesshowsacompletelackofsoundjudgment Fadstressestheimpulsiveenthusiasmwithwhichafashionistakenupforashorttime Fashionistheprevailingcustomindress manners speech etc ofaparticularplaceortime WandCheng jun 3 OneafternoonIfoundPeteylyingonhisbedwithanexpressionofsuchdistressonhisfacethatIimmediatelydiagnosedappendicitis Para6 阑尾炎 Oneafternoon whenIwentbacktomydorm Peteywaslyingonhisbed HeworesuchadepressedlookthatIcametotheconclusionatoncethathewassufferingfromappendicitis WandCheng jun 4 Mybrain thatprecisioninstrument slippedintohighgear Para20 begantoworkathighspeedorefficiency Mybrain whichisaspreciseasachemist sscales begantoworkathighspeed Mixedmetaphor Brain amachinethathasgears Brain precisioninstrument WandCheng jun 5 Shewas tobesure agirlwhoexcitedtheemotions butIwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead IwantedPollyforashrewdlycalculated entirelycerebralreason Para23 metonymy Heart Feelingsandemotions Head Reasonandgoodsense Shewasbeautifulandattractiveenoughtoarousethedesiresandpassionsofmen butIwouldnotletfeelingsoremotionsgettheupperhandofreasonorgoodsense IwantedPollyentirelyforacarefullythoughtoutreason requiringtheuseoftheintellect WandCheng jun 6 Shewasnotyetofpin upproportions butIfeltsurethattimewouldsupplythelack Para25 linesorshapeofthebody Supplywhatiswanting Shewasnotyetfullydevelopedlikepin upgirlsbutIfeltsurethat giventime shewouldfillupandbecomejustasglamorous gl m r s 富有魅力的 迷人的 WandCheng jun 7 Infact sheveeredintheoppositedirection Para27 Tochangedirection toshift Infact shewentintheoppositedirection Thisasarcasticwayofsayingthatshewasratherstupid WandCheng jun 8 Ifyouwereoutofthepicture thefieldwouldbeopen Para34 Metaphor Comparingthecompetingforfriendshiptoanathleticevent notconsideredasinvolvedinasituation Anareawheregamesareheld Ifyou renolongerinvolvedwithher ifyoustopdatingher otherswouldbefreetocompeteforherfriendship WandCheng jun 9 Backandforthhisheadswiveled desirewaxing resolutionwaning Para50 Hisheadturnedbackandforth lookingatthecoatthenlookingawayfromthecoat Everytimehelooked hisdesireforthecoatgrewstrongerandhisresolutionnottogiveawayPollybecameweaker WandCheng jun DistinguishWords Keen敏捷的 敏锐的Acute五官 感受 智力Astute狡猾的 诡计多端Perspicacious敏锐 颖悟 敏于判断与了解 敏捷Calculating有心计 精明的 Avigorousandforcefulabilitytograpplewithcomplexorobscureproblems e g akeenmindfordistinction Asensitivitytonuancesthatmightescapeother E g anacuteawarenessofsth Athoroughandprofoundunderstanding E g anastuteassessment evaluationofsth Themostformalofthesewords itstressesintensityofperception E g aperspicaciousremark Shrewdandcunning WandCheng jun Distinguishthefollowingwords 1 ofthefeelings intense strong deep 感情 热烈的 强烈的 深刻的akeendesire interst senseofloss强烈的愿望 兴趣 失落感 keen 3 ofthemind quicktounderstand 头脑 敏捷的 精明的 intelligence敏捷的智力Heexercisedkeenjudgmenttorescuethedrowning 他当机立断 救出了那个溺水儿童 2 ofthesense highlydeveloped 感觉 灵敏的 很强的理解力 sight敏锐的视力Dogshavekeensenseofsmell WandCheng jun calculating Itmeanscoldlyplanningandthinkingaboutfutureactionsandesp whethertheywillbegoodorbadforoneself有心计 精明的 Hewasregardedasacalculatingman ToKate calculatingandcold themostimportantthingwaspower WandCheng jun perspicacious fml Thesewerethefundamentaldifficulties butfewmenwereperspicaciousenoughtoappreciatethem 这些是基本的困难 但是没有几个人能敏锐地意识到它们 Tom sunderstandingtothematteris 汤姆对这件事的理解很透彻 敏锐 Moreexample Itwasveryperspicaciousofyoutofindthecauseofthetroublesoquickly Havingorshowinggreatinsightorjudgement 有洞察力的 判断力强的 有识别力的e g aperspicaciousanalysisoftheproblem对问题的精辟分析 WandCheng jun acute 1 offeelingsorthesenses keen sharp penetrating 感觉或感官 敏锐的 深刻的 剧烈的剧烈的疼痛 极度的尴尬 深深的懊悔2 shrew perceptive 精明的 有观察力的 Dogshaveanacutesenseofsmell Sufferacutepain embarrassment remorse Heisanacuteobserverandthinker Hisjudgementisveryacute 他的判断力很强 WandCheng jun astute shrewd quickatseeinghowtogainanadvantage精明的 机敏的 狡诈的 Heisastuteandcapable 他精明强干 Theyareastutefinanciers 他们是一些诡计多端的金融家 An lawyer businessman WandCheng jun intelligent 聪明 明智理解力 认识 学习Hewasintelligentenoughtoturnoffthegaswhenhewasout Hewasintelligentenoughtounderstandmymeaningformmygestures WandCheng jun bright 学习 理解力 聪明 心思灵敏 反应快Heisabrightchild asyoucantellwhenyoutalkwithhim WandCheng jun fads astyleetcthatinterestsmanypeopleforashorttime passingfashionenjoyverybriefpopularity which hasapejorativeconnotation acheapsortoffashion somewhatdebased tobeswayedbyfadsistoshowaweaknessforsuddenandbrieftrends fashionsarelikelytobelonger lastingasfashionableisacompliment fads fashion WandCheng jun PartII 60 61 the1stdate Theresultofthe1stdate Polly slanguage Disheartening Hefoundouthowdumbshereallywas Pollywasmoreignorantthanhehadexpected ThenarratorrealizedthathehadtomakeagreatefforttomakePollysmartenoughtobehiswife exclamatorywordslike Gee Oo wow dow andclippedvulgarformslike delish marvy sensaysh etc tocreatetheimpressionofasimpleandratherstupidgirl Thiscontrastsstronglywiththelanguageofthenarrator thusincreasingtheforceofsatireandirony WandCheng jun WhatisthelevelofspeechinPara 61 Whatpurposedoesitserve Thelanguageinthisparagraphismoreformal ThenarratorfeltdepressedafterthefirstdatewithPolly Tobringthisfeelingout andtocreateahumorouseffect thewriterusesformalphrasessuchas withaheavyheart gravelyunderestimatedthesizeofthetask lackofinformation aprojectofnosmalldimensions etc WandCheng jun KeySentence Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions andatfirstIwastemptedtogiveherbacktoPetey Para61 great Toteachhertothinkappearedtobeaverybigtask andatfirstIeventhoughtofgivingherbacktoPetey litotes Afigureofspeechconsistingofanunderstatementinwhichanaffirmativeisexpressedbynegatingitsopposite asin Thisisnosmallproblem 曲言法 间接表达法 反语法 以反面的否定代替肯定的词格 如 noeasy代替verydifficult notbad代替verygood等 Appear tocomeintosightwithoutclearform WandCheng jun PartIII paras 62 98 the2ndDate Acourseinlogic Whatdidtheydointhisdate WandCheng jun WhydidthenarratorteachPollylogic Thenarratorwantedawifewhowouldhelptofurtherhiscareeraslawyer Pollywaspretty buttheproblemwithherwasthatshedidnotknowhowtothink sohedecidedtoteachherlogic thescienceofthinking WandCheng jun 4fallaciesinthe2nddate DictoSimpliciterHastyGeneralizationPostHocContradictoryPremises Pleasedramatizethemandaddsomenewexamplestoillustratethem Maritallifeisveryhappy soeveryonewantstogetmarriedsomeday Mr Wu shandwritingisterrible Mr Hu shandwritingisalsoterribleandyouknowhowterriblemen shandwritingis ThelastfivetimesI vewornmywhitepants somethingdepressinghashappened Iamnotgoingtowearthosepantsagain Anyonewhowantstolearntodrivemusthavealicense butifyouwanttogetalicense yououghttopassthedrivingtest WandCheng jun RhetoricalDevices AntithesisMetaphor Para94 Para98 Whataretheexamples WandCheng jun PartIV paras 99 123 the3rddate AdMisericordianFalseAnalogyHypothesisContrarytoFactPoisoningtheWell Pleasedramatizethemandaddsomenewexamplestoillustratethem Lookatthe14 year oldchildwho srunawayfromhometohidehershame pregnant unwashed friendless penniless atthemercyofoursocialserviceagencies Canyoustillclaimthatsexshouldbetaughtintheclassroom MsB