制药工程 专业英语 Unit 1.ppt

TheprofessionalEnglishofpharmaceuticalengineering WangXinliangEastChinauniversityofscienceandtechnology13 02 2012 FinalexaminationTwoparts gradeofdailystudy 30 attendanceratehomeworkothers exercise middleexamination gradeoffinalexamination 70 Thecontentofexamination Thecontentofexamination Degreetest50 basicEnglish50 professionalEnglishword translationfromEnglishtoChinese 5points translationfromChinesetoEnglish 5points Translation 40points 4paragraphswhichincludeabout250wordsineachofthem payattentiontoonly125to150wordsineachparagraphneedtobetranslated These4paragraphsarenotsimplesentence HowtolearntheprofessionalEnglish MastersomeskillsMasterthenecessaryknowledgeWhatisthemostimportantthing morereading morespeaking morewriting Whatistheimportantthinginthiscourseremembertheword translatesentencebysentence learnmoreprofessionalknowledge YoudaoDict有道词典 HowtoteachtheprofessionalEnglish Crocinyellow 藏花素 whichisextractedfromGardeniajasminoidesEllis 栀子 iswidelyusedasanaturalfoodcolorantinAsiancountries whileGardeniaextracthasbeenusedinChinesetraditionalmedicine CTM forcuringanumberofailments 3 Thesecrocetin 藏红花酸 derivatives whicharedifferentfrommostfamiliesofcarotenoids 类胡萝卜素 areknownfortheircoloringpropertiesowingtotheirpeculiarwater solublebehavior 4 Numerousstudieshavedealtwiththecomponentstructuresofyellowpigmentextractsisolatedfromgardeniafruits 4 8 theirspectroscopiccharacterizationandradical scavengingactivity 4 9 dataconcerningtheconcentrationofmajorcomponentsforthedeterminationofoptimaltimeofharvestandextractionprocess 10 11 Thecontentofthiscourse Introducesomeskillsoftranslationanddosomeexerciseintheclassroom SummarizesomeregulationsintheprofessionalEnglish Learnthetext Discusssometopics Part1Medicinalchemistry Unit1ProductionofDrugsThewholeconceptoftheproductionofdrugsTheclassificationofthedrugsTheintroductionofeachgroupofdrugs Thefirstquestion howtoclassifythedrug Dependingonthekindsofdisease CardiovasculardrugsDigestivesystemdrugsRespiratorysystemdrugsAntiviraldrugsProprietarydrugsorGenericdrugsDependingontheproductionororigin 药品的生产依据其生产或来源 药物制剂可以分为三类 I 完全的合成材料 人工合成材料 II 天然产物 和III 源自部分合成的产品 半合成产品 Dependingontheirproductionororiginpharmaceuticalagentscanbesplitintothreegroups I Totallysyntheticmaterials synthetics II Naturalproducts andIII Productsfrompartialsyntheses semi syntheticproducts Unit1ProductsofDrugs Words syntheticsglycoside s hydrolysatedextrantargetedmodificationEpinephrineLevodopaProstaglandinsD PenicillamineVincamineEukaryontProkaryontLeuconostocmesenteroidesCorynebacteriumglutamicumBrevibacteriumflavumPropionibacteriumshermaniipurinanucleotidecitricacidmonosodiumL glutamatechromatin n 用作复 人工合成 绝缘 材料n 配醣 配糖体 糖苷n 水解液 水解产物n 葡萄聚糖 右旋糖酐定向 或靶向 修饰n 肾上腺素n 药 左旋多巴 等于L dopa n 前列腺素 prostaglandin的复数形式 n D 青霉胺n 长春胺n 真核细胞n 原核细胞肠膜状明串珠菌谷氨酸棒杆菌黄色短杆菌谢氏丙酸杆菌嘌呤核苷 酸 柠檬酸谷氨酸钠 味精 n 核染色质 核染质 Alkalimetal LilithiumNasodiumKpotassiumRbrubidiumCscaesiumFrfranciumHhydrogen 本书的重点是在于 和 类中最重要的化合物 药物合成 但是 这并不意味着 天然产品或其他制剂并不太重要 它们可以作为有价值的先导结构 他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品 表1列出了获取药物制剂的不同方法的概述 TheemphasisofthepresentbookisonthemostimportantcompoundsofgroupsIand thusDrugsynthesis Thisdoesnotmean however thatnaturalproductsorotheragentsarelessimportant Theycanserveasvaluableleadstructures andtheyarefrequentlyneededasstartingmaterialsorasintermediatesforimportantsyntheticproducts Table1givesanoverviewofthedifferentmethodsforobtainingpharmaceuticalagents 最初从天然资源库获得的几个重要治疗作用的天然产品 今天可以通过全合成更有效地 例如更经济地被制备出来 这样的例子包括L 氨基酸 氯霉素 咖啡因 多巴胺 肾上腺素 左旋多巴 肽类激素 前列腺素 D 青霉胺 长春胺 以及几乎所有的维生素 Severaltherapeuticallysignificantnaturalproductswhichwereoriginallyobtainedfromnaturalsourcesaretodaymoreeffectively i e moreeconomically preparedbytotalsynthesis SuchexamplesincludeL aminoacids Chloramphenicol Caffeine Dopamine Epinephrine Levodopa peptidehormones Prostaglandins D Penicillamine Vincamine andpracticallyallvitamins 在过去的几年里 发酵 即微生物过程 变得极其重要 通过现代技术和基因选择导致的微生物的高性能突异变种的结果 发酵已成为选择宽范围物质的方法 真核细胞 酵母菌和霉菌 和原核细胞 单细胞细菌 放线菌 都可用作微生物 可以得到下列产品类型 Overthelastfewyearsfermentation i e microbiologicalprocesseshasbecomeextremelyimportant Throughmoderntechnologyandresultsfromgeneticselectionleadingtothecreationofhighperformancemutantsofmicroorganisms fermentationhasalreadybecomethemethodofchoiceforawiderangeofsubstances BothEukaryonts yeastsandmoulds andProkaryonts singlebacterialcells andactinomycetes areusedmicroorganisms Thefollowingproducttypescanbeobtained 尽管从诸如肠膜状明串球菌的某些微生物的黏膜可以生产葡萄聚糖 但第2和3类产品类型只与药品生产的有关 葡聚糖自身的分子量5万 10万 可用作血浆代用品 而来自谷氨酸棒杆菌和黄色短杆菌突变体的初级代谢产物中 L 氨基酸尤其令人感兴趣 从这些生物体中 可以生产约35万吨L 谷氨酸单钠盐 味精 食品添加剂 和约70 000吨L 赖氨酸 用于植物蛋白补充物质 此外 重要的初级代谢产物还有嘌呤核苷酸 有机酸 乳酸 柠檬酸和维生素 例如源自谢氏丙酸杆菌的维生素B12 Disregardingtheproductionofdextranfromthemucousmembranesofcertainmicroorganisms e g Leuconostocmesenteroides classes2and3aretherelevantonesforthepreparationofdrugs Dextranitself withamolecularweightof50 000 100 000 isusedasabloodplasmasubstitute AmongtheprimarymetabolitestheL aminoacidsfrommutantsofCorynebacteriumglutamicumandBrevibacteriumflavumareespeciallyinteresting Fromtheseorganismssome350 000tonesofmonosodiumL glutamate foodadditive andsome70 000tonesofL lysine supplementforvegetableproteins areproduced Furtherimportantprimarymetabolitesarethepurinanucleotides organicacids lacticacid citricacid andvitamins forexamplevitaminB12fromPropionibacteriumshermanii 在次生代谢产物中首先必须提到的是抗生素 以下五组药品代表了全球每年价值170亿美元 青霉素类 产黄青霉 头孢菌素类 顶头孢霉菌 四环素类 金霉素链霉菌 红霉素类 红霉素链霉菌 氨基糖苷 如来自灰色链霉菌的链霉素 Amongthesecondarymetabolitestheantibioticsmustbementionedfirst ThefollowingfivegroupsrepresentayearlyworldwidevalueofUS 17billion penicillins Penicilliumchrysogenum cephalosporins Cephalosporiumacremonium tetracyclines Streptomycesaureofaciens erythromycins Streptomyceserythreus aminoglycosides e g streptomycinfromStreptomycesgriseus Dextranisapolymerofglucose Itisawhitepowderanditissolubleinwaterandinsolubleinethanol Dextrancanincreasetheplasmavolumeandmaintainthebloodpressure soitcanbeusedforasabloodplasmasubstitute Itcanbeproducedbyfermentationofsucroseinleuconostocmesenteroides Certainly thefermentationonlyproducetherawmaterialandthesomepurificationisnecessary Thesimpleintroductionofdextran Molecularformula C6H10O5 n glucose葡萄糖 fructose果糖 mono di tri polymer单体 二聚体 三聚体 聚合体 物 sucrosen 蔗糖 从微生物中已分离出约5000种抗生素 但其中只有不到100种有治疗用途 但是 必须记住 许多衍生物已通过部分合成法来修饰以获得治疗用途 在过去的十年里 采用半合成方法已从 内酰胺获得了约50 000种制剂 发酵是在体积高达400m3的不锈钢发酵罐中进行 为了避免受到噬菌体等微生物的污染 发酵 全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行 由于更重要的是 发酵只在有氧条件下才能发生 因此 需要提供有足够量的 无菌 氧气或空气 二氧化碳的来源包括糖类 碳水化合物 如废糖浆 低聚糖类和葡萄糖 About5000antibioticshavealreadybeenisolatedfrommicroorganisms butoftheseonlysomewhatfewerthan100areintherapeuticuse Itmustberemembered however thatmanyderivativeshavebeenmodifiedbypartialsynthesisfortherapeuticuse some50 000agentshavebeensemisyntheticallyobtainedfrom lactamsaloneinthelastdecade Fermentationsarecarriedoutinstainlesssteelfermentorswithvolumesupto400m3 Toavoidcontaminationofthemicroorganismswithphagesetc thewholeprocesshastobeperformedundersterileconditions Sincethemoreimportantfermentationsoccurexclusivelyunderaerobicconditions agoodsupplyofoxygenorair sterile isneeded Carbondioxidesourcesincludecarbohydrates e g molasses saccharides andglucose Words ammonium ammonia aminesodiumbicarbonatesodiumhydroxidehydrochloric sulfuric nitricacidhypochloritechloritechlorateperchloratenitritenitratesulfidesulfitesulfatepersulfatephosphitehypophosphitephosphatedihydrogenphosphatehydrogenphosphate 铵 铵盐 氨 氨水 胺碳酸氢钠 小苏打 NaHCO3氢氧化钠 NaOH盐酸 硫酸 硝酸次氯酸盐 酯 亚氯酸盐 酯 氯酸盐 酯 高氯酸盐 酯 亚硝酸盐 酯 硝酸盐 酯 硫化物 硫醚亚硫酸盐 酯 硫酸盐 酯 过硫酸盐 酯 亚磷酸盐 酯 次磷酸盐 酯 磷酸盐 酯 磷酸二氢盐磷酸一氢盐 Prefix Parent SuffixNomenclatureofparentpart NomenclatureofalkanesandalkylsubstituentsStraight chainalkanesStraight chainalkanesarenamedbycountingthenumberofcarbonatomsinthechainandaddingthefamilysuffix ane Thuspentaneisthefive carbonalkane andhexaneisthesix carbonalkane NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds1 Analkylsubstituent oranalkylgroup isanalkanefromwhichasinglehydrogenhasbeenremoved Alkylsubstituentsarenamedbyreplacingthe ane suffixofthealkanewith yl Theletter R isusedtoindicateanyalkylgroup ThusCH3 hasthenameofmethyl whilethegroupofCH3CH2 wasnamedethyl NumberMolecularNameNameinAlkylofcarbonsformulaChinesesubstituents1CH4Methane甲烷Methyl2C2H6Ethane乙烷Ethyl3C3H8Propane丙烷Propyl4C4H10Butane丁烷Butyl5C5H12Pentane戊烷Pentyl6C6H14Hexane己烷Hexyl7C7H16Heptane庚烷Heptyl8C8H18Octane辛烷Octyl9C9H20Nonane壬烷Nonyl10C10H22Decane癸烷Decyl11C11H24Undecane十一烷Undecyl12C12H26Dodecane十二烷Dodecyl13C13H28Tridecane十三烷Tridecyl20C20H42Icosane二十烷Icosyl21C21H44Heneicosane二十一烷Heneicosyl30C30H62Triacontane三十烷Triacontyl Branched chainalkanes3 ethyl 3 methylhexane SomeusefulprefixesforindicatingthenumberofsubstituentgroupsMono 单取代 一取代Di 二取代Tri 三取代Tetra 四取代Pent a 五取代Hex a 六取代Hept a 七取代Oct a 八取代Nona 九取代Deca 十取代 2 6 dimethyloctanenot2 ethyl 6 methylheptane3 ethyl 2 methylhexanenot3 isopropylhexane Someusefulprefixesusedtonamebranchedalkanes Commonnames normal n 正 isomer iso 异neo 新primary伯 一级 secondary sec 仲 二级 tertiary tert 叔 三级quaternary季 四级 n pentaneneopentaneisobutane正戊烷新戊烷异丁烷Pentane2 2 dimethylpropane2 methylpropanetert butanoliso butanaminesec butanamine叔丁醇异丁胺仲丁胺2 methyl 2 propanol2 methylpropanamine1 methylpropanamine Theunivalentradicalderivedfromacyclicalkeneoralkynehastheendings enyl or ynyl alkenealkenyl alkynealkynyl andthepositionofthedoubleortriplebondisindicatedwherenecessary unlikealkanealkyl e g 1 propenyl2 butenylethynyl2 propynyl Thefollowingnon systematicnamesareretainedEthylene 乙烯 Allene 丙二烯 Acetylene 乙炔 Isoprene 异戊二烯 Vinyl 乙烯基 Allyl 烯丙基 Isopropenyl 异丙烯基 NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithtwoormoredoubleortriplebondsTwoormoredoublebonds theendingwillbe adiene atriene etc alkadiene Twoormoretriplebonds theendingwillbe adiyne atriyne etc alkadiyne e g 2 methyl 1 3 butadienepropadiene2 5 dimethyl 2 4 6 octatriene3 ethyl 4 methyl 1 6 heptadiyne Nomenclatureofmonocyclicaromatichydrocarbons苯甲苯二甲苯苯乙烯异丙苯均三甲苯benzenetoluenexylenestyrenecumenemesitylene苯基甲苯基二甲苯基苯乙烯基异丙苯基均三甲苯基苄基Phenyltolylxylylstyrylcumenylmesitylbenzyl Commonnamesretainedforthedisubstitutedbenzeneortho o 邻meta m 间para p 对 m methylbenzylm tolyl3 4 dimethylphenyl3 methylbenzyl3 tolylo styrylp cumenyl3 5 dimethyl 4 ethylphenyl2 styryl4 cumenyl SomeimportantFamiliesoforganicmoleculesSaturatedhydrocarbons suchas Alkanes cycloalkanes Un saturatedhydrocarbons suchas alkenes alkynes cycloalkenes cycloalkynes cycloalkadienes cycloalkadiynes Aromaticcompouds benzene biphenyl naphthaleneandotherfusedandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons Compoundswithfunctionalgroups alkylhalides 卤代烃 alcohols 醇 phenols 酚 ethers 醚 amines 胺 Compoundswithfunctionalgroups aldehydes 醛 ketones 酮 quinones 醌 carboxylicacids 羧酸 esters 酯 acylhalides 酰卤 acidanhydrides 酸酐 amides 酰胺 imides 亚胺 Compoundswithfunctionalgroups alkylhalides 卤代烃 alcohols 醇 phenols 酚 ethers 醚 amines 胺 etc alkylhalidesR Xhalogen halo Cl Br F I AlcoholsR OHhydroxygroup OH PhenolsAr OHhydroxygroup OH EthersR O R Alkoxygroup O R AminesR NH2aminogroup NH2 Alkylhalides haloalkaneoralkylhalide Alkylhalidesareclassifiedasprimary secondary ortertiarydependingonthecarbontowhichthehalogenisattached Thecommonnamesofthealkylhalidesareobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgroupfollowedbythenameofthehalogen alkylhalide IntheIUPACsystem alkylhalidesarenamedassubstitutedalkanes Thesubstitutedprefixnamesforthehalogensendin o fluoro chloro bromo iodo haloalkane AlcoholsThecommonnames similartoalkylhalides areobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgrouptowhichtheOHgroupisattached followedbytheword alcohol alkylalcohol TheIUPACnameforanalcoholisobtainedbyremovingthe e fromthenameofthealkaneandaddingthesuffix ol alkanol Nomenclatureofalcohols Aminesarecompoundsinwhichoneormorehydrogenofammoniahavebeenreplacedbyalkylgroups Thereareprimary secondary andtertiaryamines Thisclassificationdependsonhowmanyalkylgroupsarebondedtothenitrogen notcarbon Nomenclatureofamines Thecommonnameofaamineisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogeninalphabeticalorder Theentirenameiswrittenasoneword alkylamine e g TherearetwoIUPACapprovedwaytonameanamine Itcanbenamedasasubstitutedalkaneusingtheprefix amino todesignatetheaminesubstituent aminoalkane Italsocanbeennamedwithafunctionalgroupsuffix amine The e attheendofthealkanenameisreplacedby amine ThenamesofsubstituentsbondedtothenitrogenareprecededbyanN initalic toindicatethatthesubstituentisbondedtoanitrogenratherthantoacarbon N alkyl alkanamine Amineswithfouralkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogen andthereforeapositivechargeonthenitrogen arecalledquaternaryammoniumsalts Theirnamesareobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsinalphabeticalorderasaprefixto ammonium followedbythenameofthecounterion alkylammoniumhalide orhydroxideetc Nomenclatureofetherssymmetricaletherandasymmetricalether e g Thecommonnameofanetherisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents inalphabeticalorder followedbytheword ether Thesmallestethersarealmostalwaysnamedbytheircommonnames alkylalkylether TheIUPACsystemnamesanetherasanalkanethatbearsanalkoxysubstituent Alkoxysubstituentsarenamedbyremovingthe yl fromthenameofthealkylsubstituentandadding oxy alkoxyalkane methoxy ethoxy 1 methylethoxy 1 1 dimethylpropoxy Acarbonylgroup 羰基 isacarbondoublybondedtoanoxygenandanacylgroup 酰基 isacarbonylgroupattachedtoanalkylsubstituent Abenzoylgroup 苯甲酰基 isacarbonylgroupattachedtoabenzenering Thecommonnameofanaldehydeisthesameascarboxylicacid derivedfromsomeLatinwords Latin aldehyde TheIUPACnameofanaldehydeisobtainedbyremovingthe e fromthealkanenameandadding al alkanal Nomenclatureofaldehydesandketones Ifthealdehydegroupisattachedtoaring thealdehydeisnamedbyadding carbaldehyde tothenameofthering cycloalkanecarbaldehyde phenylmethanal Commonname Onlyafewketonshavecommonnames suchasacetone likealdehyde Commonnamesarealsousedforphenyl substitutedketones Theyarecalledphenones one IUPACname KetonesarenamedintheIUPACsystembyremovingthe e fromthealkanenameandadding one alkanone Derivedname Likeethers R CO R canbenamedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents inalphabeticalorder followedbytheword ketone alkylalkylketone Nomenclatureofketones CommonnameIUPACnameDerivedname Nomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsanditsderivatives X OH acarboxylicacidX halogen anacylhalideX OR anesterX OCOR anacidanhydrideX NRR anamide NomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsacarboxylgroupThefunctionalgroupofacarboxylicacidiscalledacarboxylgroup Long chaincarboxylicacidsarecalled fattyacids Commonname Carboxylicacids 6 arefrequentlycalledbytheircommonnames Theyarenamedbyadding Latinprefix before acid whatis carbon IUPACname acarboxylicacidisnamedbyreplaceingthe e endingofthealkanenamewith oicacid alkanoicacid Carboxylicacidsinwhichacarboxylgroupisattachedtoacycliccompoundcanbenamedbyadding carboxylicacid tothenameofthecycliccompound benzoicacid NomenclatureofacylhalidesAcylhalidesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacingthe icacid with ylhalide alkanoylhalide orbyreplacing carboxylicacid with carbonylhalide cycloalkanecarbonylhalide benzoylchloride Nomenclatureofacidanhydrides Doyouknowthemeaningof anhydride R R asymmetricalanhydrideR R amixedanhydride Symmetricalanhydridesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacing acid with anhydride mixedanhydridesarenamedbystatingthenameofbothacidgroupsinalphabeticalorderfollowedby anhydride Innaminganester thenameofthegroupattachedtothe carboxyloxygen isstatedfirst Thisisfollowedbythenameoftheacidwith icacid replacedby ate Saltsofcarboxylicacidsarenamedinthesameway R alkylRalkanoate Nomenclatureofesters ethylacetate AprimaryamideasecondaryamideatertiaryamideAmidesarenamedbyusingtheacidname replacing oicacid or icacid with amide orbyreplacing carboxylicacid with carboxamide alkanamide or cycloalkanecarboxamide Nomenclatureofamides NomenclatureofnitrilesIncommonnomenclature nitrilesarenamedbyreplacing icacid with onitrile ortheyarenamedas alkylcyanide alkylcyanide InIUPACnomenclature nitrilesarenamedbyadding nitrile tothealkanename alkanenitrile Alkalineearths 碱土 Magnesium 镁 Calcium 钙 Aluminum 铝 Tin 锡 Lead 铅 TransitionMetals Titanium 钛 Chromium 铬 Manganese 锰 Iron 铁 Cobalt 钴 Nickle 镍 Copper 铜 Zinc 锌 Silver 银 Platinum 铂 Gold 金 Palladium 钯 另外必须提供微生物的生长介质必须含有诸如硫酸铵 氨水或尿素等含氮化合物 以及无机磷酸盐 此外 必需有的恒定的最佳的pH值和温度 以青霉素G为例 发酵过程在200小时后完成 细胞团块经过滤而分离 从滤液中经吸收或提取工艺而分离出所需要的活性制剂 细胞团块 如果并非目的产品 由于其高蛋白质含量 可进一步用作动物饲料 Additionallythemicroorganismsmustbesuppliedinthegrowthmediumwithnitrogen containingcompoundssuchasammoniumsulfate ammonia orurea aswellaswithinorganicphosphates Furthermore constantoptimalpHandtemperaturearerequired InthecaseofpenicillinG thefermentationisfinishedafter200hours andthecellmassisseparatedbyfiltration Thedesiredactiveagentsareisolatedfromthefiltratebyabsorptionorextractionprocesses Thecellmass ifnotthedesiredproduct canbefurtherusedasananimalfeedstuffowingtoitshighproteincontent 利用现代重组技术 已获得的微生物可以生产原始基因中并未编码的多肽 修饰过的大肠杆菌使得产生人类胰岛素或前胰岛素原类似物的A 和B 链成为可能 经分离后再选择性形成二硫键 其最终提纯由色析 谱 工序来决定 通过这种方式 完全可以不受限制地从任意的动物胰腺原料获得人类胰岛素 Bymodernrecombinanttechniquesmicroorganismshavebeenobtainedwhichalsoallowproductionofpeptideswhichwerenotencodedintheoriginalgenes ModifiedE colibacteriamakeitthuspossibletoproduceA andB chainsofhumaninsulinorproinsulinanalogs Thedisulfidebridgesareformedselectivelyafterisolation andthefinalpurificationiseffectedbychromatographicprocedures Inthiswayhumaninsulinisobtainedtotallyindependentlyfromanypancreaticmaterialtakenfromanimals 其他重要的肽 激素和酶 如人类生长激素 HGH 神经活性肽 生长抑素 干扰素 组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 TPA 淋巴因子 如钙调蛋白的钙调节剂 蛋白疫苗 以及作为诊断用单克隆抗体 也是应用这种方法合成的 Otherimportantpeptides hormones andenzymes suchashumangrowthhormone HGH neuroactivepeptides somatostatin interferons tissueplasminogenactivator TPA lymphokines calciumregulatorslikecalmodulin proteinvaccines aswellasmonoclonalantibodiesusedasdiagnostics aresynthesizedinthisway 一个单一的微生物中所存在的酶或酶系统 可应用于控制的立体定向的和位置定向的化学反应 这个原理在类固醇化学尤其有用 在这里 我们只能提及黄体酮经微生物法的11 位羟基化反应制得11 羟基黄体酮 一个用于合成可的松 肾上腺皮质酮 的关键产品 今天 分离出的酶很重要 不仅因为淀粉的酶法糖化技术的重要性以及葡萄糖异构化成果糖 而且它们在用于诊断疾病的无数检测程序和用于监测治疗的酶法分析中也很重要 Theenzymesorenzymaticsystemswhicharepresentinasinglemicroorganismcanbeusedfordirectedstereospecificandregiospecificchemicalreactions Thisprincipleisespeciallyusefulinsteroidchemistry Herewemayreferonlytothemicrobiological11 hyd