高中定语从句讲义 - 修订版.doc

.高中定语从句（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。(定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。)2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：特别提示：关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。在定语从句中，关系代词起着代词和连词的作用，关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。在定语从句中，关系词代替先行词，因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。下面的句子是错误的：This is the right book that you are looking for the book.(应去掉the book。)This is the right book that you are looking for it.(应去掉it。)关系词的种类作用关 系词连接作用替代先行词在从句中充当某一成分关系代词who人主语（在口语中亦可作宾语/表语）whom人宾语（在口语中可用who代，但在介词后只能用此词）whose人/ 物定语（可用of + which取代）which物 / 句子主语 / 宾语/ 表语that人 / 物主语 / 宾语/ 表语as人/物/句子主语 / 宾语/ 表语关系副词when时间名词时间状语（可用“介词+which”取代）where地点名词地点状语（可用“介词+which”取代）whythe reason原因状语（可用“for + which”取代）（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语, 不可省略。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物馆的人YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend. 3Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做主语时不可省; 做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere. Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice. Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday. Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall. 4That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion. Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind. Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry. Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?6. 关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。在限制性定语从句中，能够省略关系代词的情况主要有：当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时。e.g. I have been to the city twice (that/which) you just visited.关系代词在从句中作表语时。e.g. After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/that) he used to be.关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词不在关系代词之前时。e.g. Generation gap is a problem (which/that) people are interested in.主句以there be开头时。很多时候关系代词可以省略，即使关系代词在从句中作主语。e.g. There is a mistake in your composition (which) wants correcting.你的作文里有一个错误需要改正。（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous. TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.=TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday. Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.=Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingcondition=ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正) ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正) Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正) Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(正) TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad. Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities. Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今为止，他写了部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool. Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded. Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents? 2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown. Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?这3why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous. Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday. 特别提示：在下面这个句子中，不能用why，只能用which或that。I dont want to hear any reason (that/ which) you might give.我不想听你给出的任何理由。(在这个定语从句中，that/ which作定语从句中谓语动词give的宾语。)注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup. Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive. Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.4. 关系副词的省略在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。如the time, every time, each time, the moment等。e.g.By the time (when) he was fourteen years old Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself. Do you still remember the day(when) we first met?在某些句子中表示地点的名词后关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。e.g.Thats the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris.这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方。This is the place (where) we met years ago.这就是多年前我们见面的地方。先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。e.g. Thats the reason (why) I asked you to come.这就是我叫你来的原因。The reason (why) he did that is quite clear.他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。e.g. I appreciate the way (that/ in which) you teach us.我非常喜欢你教我们的方式。(五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon. Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory. InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica. 非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldevery year.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。(1）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意: (1)Suppose someone has done something to make you angry. Think about something which will make you happy. The best antidote to negativity is to focus on the positive.(2) The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he does, whoever he is.(3) Happiness is absolutely not something which can be achieved by one person alone注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople. 2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting. 5当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.（2）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry. Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent. John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve. 注意：(1)当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry. Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.(2). 在suchas、the sameas、 as、 as many/much as等结构中, as不能用which代替。 1)Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. =Books such as this are =Books like this are 2)I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。 3)He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。 4)That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。 (3) ：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。3. 常用必背：as引导的定语从句通常有固定的译法。;.as we all know大家都知道as I can remember正如我所记得的as often happens这经常发生as we expect正如我们预料的那样as you see这一点你明白as has been said before如前所述as is well known众所周知as was expected正如预料的那样as is expected正如预料的那样as can be seen看得出来as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样( 3 )以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.（4）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether. Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether. C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。练习:I still remember the days _we spent in the countryside ten years ago. A. when B. on which C. that D. for whichDaye, _I visited ten years ago, has turned a big city. A. where B. x C. which D. to whichHave you asked her for the reason _may explain for her absence? A. why B. that C. x D. for whichThe days are gone forever _we didnt have enough to eat. A. since B. that C. where D. whenThis is the very place _the anti-Japanese soldiers fought over 60 years ago. A. that B. which C. where D. There(5）but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but=whodont）( 6 ) 注意: what, how不可引导定语从句what本身是复合关系代词，等同于“先行词关系代词(which/that)”。因此不能用what引导定语从句。e.g. Time is what we demand most.(=Time is all (that) we demand most.)Tell me what is happening.(=Tell me something that is happening.)She isnt what she used to be.(=She isnt the one (that) she used to be.)how为复合关系副词。本身等同于the way in which，因此不能用how引导定语从句。e.g.I dont like how you behave.(=I dont like the way (that/ in which) you behave.)This is how I worked out this problem.(=This is the way (that/in which) I worked out this problem.)（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（定语从句）Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（同位语从句）2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定语从句）Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位语从句）Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(定语从句) Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（同位语从句）Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.（定语从句）Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位语从句）3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。如：A.Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位语从句）Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.B.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位语从句）Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.C.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位语从句）Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.(七) 定语从句与强调结构 It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch? (强调句型，强调疑问副词where.) Where is the watch he found yesterday? (定语从句) (八)定语从句的简化表达： 非谓语动词作定语1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a profe