基于BIM的决策支持系统外文文献

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Automation in Construction journal homepage BIM based decision support system for automated manufacturability check of wood frame assemblies Shi Ana Pablo Martineza Mohamed Al Husseina Rafi q Ahmadb aDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta Canada bLaboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Design and Automation LIMDA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Alberta Canada A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords Building information modeling Ontologies Intelligent manufacturing Wood framing Construction automation Computer numerical control Mass customization A B S T R A C T As off site construction is increasing in popularity an increasing number of construction products are fabricated in a controlled factory environment Due to the complexity of construction products and the rising amount of automation used in the industry productivity has reached a peak because the process planning of manufacturing activities is still done manually for example building information models BIM do not provide manufacturing information for construction products Knowing whether a machine can manufacture a construction product defi ned by the BIM model is a critical prerequisite for new products This paper proposes a BIM based framework for automating the evaluation of machine capabilities for the manufacturing of construction oriented products By identifying intersections of the building elements of the product feasible manufacturing operations are de termined and manufacturing locations are calculated These locations are then compared to the manufacturing capabilities of the machine The proposed approach is validated using two wood frame assemblies The results show that the system accurately determines whether a user selected machine can manufacture a construction product pre designed using BIM software 1 Introduction 1 1 Background Recent technological advancements in off site construction have re sulted in frame panels becoming increasingly popular in North America Traditionally frames are constructed manually on site and assembled on site These frame construction processes are labor intensive time consuming prone to error weather dependent and lack precision Using off site construction methods wall frames are prefabricated in a factory environment and shipped to the construction site Due to the controlled factory environment off site construction dramatically in creases the productivity quality and deliverability of the products 1 Through the use of industrial automated machines in the framing processes the productivity of frame assembling increases greatly An example of a partial wood frame residential house along with a typical wood frame is shown in Fig 1 Fig 1 a shows a typical house structure that consists of multiple modular frames known as frame assemblies As shown in Fig 1 b each wood frame includes rectangular lumber with various lengths Before framing the wood panel timbers are fi rst cut to length based on the manufacturing drawing Then the building elements are placed in the correct locations based on the drawing Finally the intersections between these components are secured using nailing or screw fastening operation To produce frame assemblies panel structures must be fully de scribed The detailed specifi cations of frame assemblies such as overall dimensions and composed components are commonly given by the building information model BIM According to the National Institute of Building Sciences BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility 2 While BIM provides detailed specifi cations of construction oriented products the integration of BIM with manufacturing systems is still under development 3 As an ex ample quantity take off for construction oriented light frame buildings may be automatically obtained from BIM information 4 Similarly the machinery time and expenditure required to fabricate a construc tion oriented product could be described in the BIM model and therefore would be instantly obtained in the early stage of design This approach would ease the process planning for construction product manufacturing which is an essential step in optimizing the sequence of operations where one of a kind products or the same product are made infrequently 5 Wood panels considering the diversity in the options given by designers are one of a kind products in most cases Presently the lack of integration between manufacturing and BIM is overcome by expert knowledge and experience in diff erent domains https doi org 10 1016 j autcon 2019 103065 Received 12 June 2019 Received in revised form 9 December 2019 Accepted 20 December 2019 Corresponding author E mail address rafi q ahmad ualberta ca R Ahmad Automation in Construction 111 2020 103065 Available online 31 December 2019 0926 5805 2019 Elsevier B V All rights reserved T however this approach can be time consuming subjective and relies heavily on the knowledge of the experts Besides this lack of integra tion creates a barrier that inhibits information exchange between pro duct designers and manufacturers and adds to the cost to produce a product due to increased communication overhead To overcome cer tain aforementioned limitations and ease the otherwise manual process commercial options are available and listed in Table 1 As observed these solutions focus on automatizing the information transfer from the design stage to the production process From a source BIM model drawings and material lists can be obtained On top of that machine manufacturers may provide information to software devel opers so data can be exported directly from the BIM environment to the shop fl oor However the engineering implications for these software are limited when providing analysis regarding manufacturability Independently of the capabilities of the off site facility and the ma chinery available shops drawings and material lists can be generated As such potential issues may arise from non manufacturable panels namely production delays and increase in manual work Consequently an automated cost eff ective and real time decision support system is in demand in off site construction facilities that specialize in panelized construction to support design by linking fl oor capacities namely the machinery capabilities and the selected panel design Frame assemblies are complex products because of their diverse structural compositions and heterogeneous materials As a result the manufacturing activities required to make such products are also complex and the interactions between the products and manufacturing systems present many challenges Due to the complex nature of these domains it is unrealistic to develop initially a system that accounts for every aspect of the BIM manufacturing relationship As a fi rst step this paper aims to integrate BIM and manufacturing systems by developing an automated decision support system for the manufacturing of wood frameassemblies Sincewoodframesarecomposedof2D manufacturing features a 2D framework is chosen to be developed 1 2 Related work Off site construction provides an effi cient productive safe and less labor intensive construction environment thanks to a controlled factory environment 6 Implementation of BIM for off site construction further enhances the productivity and quality of construction oriented products in the manufacturing stage For example Malik et al extracted product information from the BIM model and generated near optimized tool paths for automated light gauge steel framing increasing productivity and reducing cycle times 7 As well Martinez et al proposed a vision based real time inspection system for steel frame manufacturing The proposed framework successfully improved the accuracy of the framed panels by comparing the real and the nominal geometries obtained from the BIM model and providing automatically generated instructions to correct defective frames to the operator 8 BIM has been argued to be a key element in the development of off site construction for buildings Its successful application has proven to reduce delays and monitor project schedules 9 a more streamlined design and production process 10 or provide other benefi ts and im provements 11 12 Specifi cally in the timber industry BIM was in vestigated as an integrator across the entire value chain 13 Several areas have been previously identifi ed where BIM can enhance timber off site construction from the design stage to the fi nal environmental performance of the building 14 Although intensive research has been conducted on BIM timber manufacturing and off site construction integration between the two fi elds is still under development 3 Nonetheless some limitations were presented on the current integration of BIM for timber construc tion 15 The information required from the BIM model to enable timber off site construction is yet not fully available namely the Fig 1 a BIM model of a partial residential house and b typical wood frame used for residential building construction Table 1 Commercial options for timber BIM software NameProducerOutputs ArchiFrameArchiFrame 2D drawings cut lists shop fl oor drawings exports CNC code for specifi c machinery AGACAD Wood FramingAGACAD 2D drawings cut lists shop fl oor drawings structural analysis experts CNC code for specifi c machinery WoodStud FrameTekla2D drawings structural analysis Timber FramingAutodesk 2D drawings cut lists shop fl oor drawings structural analysis experts CNC code for specifi c machinery Metal Wood FramerStrucSoft Solutions 2D drawings material lists exports CNC code for specifi c machinery Vertex DBVertex Systems 2D drawings material lists exports CNC code for specifi c machinery S An et al Automation in Construction 111 2020 103065 2 manufacturing instructions for the construction products are still not linked within the BIM environment 16 The existing approach in the manufacturing of construction products is a sequential process that includes an important amount of manual work the overall process is presented in Fig 2 All the necessary 2D manufacturing drawings are created based on the BIM model and manual process planning must be completed before manufacturing This one way process has no instant feedback mechanisms i e any necessary changes required in the manufacturing stage will need to be manually communicated to the design personnel after time has been used to manually analyze the proposed design Several disadvantages are observed in the existing approach 1 both the creation and interpretation of 2D drawings are time consuming and error prone 2 manufacturing engineers must be familiar with both the products and the manufacturing resources to perform proper process planning 3 manufacturability of frame assemblies is not transparent due to the bottleneck in the fl ow of information and 4 the manu facturing system is extremely sensitive to product changes as updates to the process planning are required for even minor changes applied to the products As the global market becomes increasingly competitive mass customization of products is in demand compared to standardized ones 17 Mass customization requires information transparency and de centralized decision making of manufacturing systems 18 In manufacturing computer aided process planning CAPP is the use of computer technology to assist the process planning for the con struction of a part or a product 5 CAPP is a crucial activity to bridge and integrate Computer Aided Design CAD and Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM It converts various requirements such as func tional and mechanical requirements of a product into manufacturing instructions 19 As a critical intermediate step CAPP has attracted an increasing amount of research interest in the past few decades 20 As reviewed by Xu et al feature based technology among various cate gories in CAPP research has been a major topic for CAD CAM in tegrations as well as for CAPP systems 20 In feature based ap proaches topological and geometrical features of a part are interpreted and are translated into manufacturing operations While CAPP has been developed to provide detailed manufacturing instructions of a me chanical part limitations are encountered when applying CAPP to construction oriented products In contrast to sophisticated geometries of mechanical parts the geometries of the parts of frame assemblies are primitive For example the building elements of wood frames are rec tangular prisms Challenges arise when assembling these building ele ments into frames Manufacturing operations are rarely needed for in dividual parts instead securing all the diff erent elements of the frame in the correct location orientation and sequence is required Conse quently planning of the manufacturing processes is needed for con struction oriented products Robust process planning is built using the knowledge of domain experts 20 21 Knowledge based systems are also needed as con struction engineering is heavily governed by experience Ontology as defi ned by Gruber is an explicit and formal specifi cation of a con ceptualization 22 As reviewed by An et al ontologies can be used for knowledge modeling because 1 they off er interoperability of knowledge from diff erent domains and 2 they support consistency checking 9 Jardim Goncalves et al proposed the knowledge frame work funStep using ontologies to improve the interoperability of manufacturing systems 23 Lemaignan et al proposed the framework MASON MAnufacturing s Semantics ONtology to manage the knowl edge in the manufacturing environment using ontologies 24 In con struction specifi cally ontologies have been proven useful in extracting information from BIM for practical use Zhang et al extracted BIM in formation of construction materials and related job hazards involved in construction activities using ontology formulation 25 By modeling tasks methods and the job hazards involved in construction activities using an ontology the developed system provides automated job ha zard analysis which signifi cantly improves the effi ciency of project management tasks 25 Liu et al proposed an ontology based semantic approach that extracts quantity take off information of construction related activities 4 Using the proposed framework construction practitioners can readily obtain and visualize the materials needed for construction activities 4 Recently and following the ontological model MASON a knowledge model was built by An et al that eff ec tively determines manufacturing operations based on the BIM model of construction oriented products 16 To summarize using BIM as the source of information with current expert knowledge organized using ontologies a system is needed to automatically determine the machine capabilities for manufacturing 2D wood frame assemblies and to facilitate process planning in off site construction The remainder of this paper is organized as follows Section 2 illustrates the proposed system framework in detail Section 3 presents the experimental setup used for validation of the proposed methodology Section 4 presents the simulation results Section 5 dis cusses the implications of the results and the limitations of the proposed framework and fi nally Section 5 concludes by presenting tangible results and discusses the future directions of the proposed system 2 System framework machine eligibility determination system MEDS The system presented aims to determine if any wood frame as sembly can be manufactured by a machine using the product in formation pre generated in the building information model BIM and the given machine specifi cations The proposed system is presented in Fig 3 where the architecture can be divided into four modules 1 BIM data input 2 mating plane detection algorithm 3 ontology formula tion and 4 machine eligibility determination The proposed frame work is developed and implemented using Python programming lan guage Python is chosen for the following reasons 1 Python is an open environment that allows rapid programming 2 allows the user to read process and modify data quickly and 3 has graphical libraries that allow complex simulation and visualization In the proposed framework the four modules are applied sequen tially First the BIM data input module involves retrieving the relevant geometric information of the modeled construction related product from a pre designed 3D BIM model software such as Autodesk Revit The input required for geometry interpretation are the coordinates of each building element such as studs and plates The completion of this stage generates coordinates of points that defi ne the planes of all building elements and the unit normal of each plane A wood frame is re constructed in a simulation environment based on BIM data Once planes and their directions are known these data are fed into the second module named mating plane detection algorithm MPDA Mating planes refer to areas where building elements are in contact with each other While mating planes are directly related to any frame product manufacturing operations they are currently not available in the BIM model After running MPDA on the generated wood frame all the mating planes are detected and generated The mating planes are then mapped to predefi ned formulations stored in the ontology model Ontology stores the knowledge that construction personnel has gained throughout their experiences It takes the types of mating planes and determines the feasible operations required to fabricate such frame assemblies Having determined the manufacturing operations systems that can carry out such operations are determined A machine that possesses such systems will be then selected The machine eligibility determina tion module is responsible for determining if a particular device can Fig 2 Current BIM based frame assemblies manufacturing S An et al Automation in Construction 111 2020 103065 3 perform the required manufacturing o