新编剑桥商务英语(高级)第三版8.1

Module 8 8 1 being responsible Vocabulary environment problems 1 in which of the following areas are you environmentally conscious What things do you do which are not so environmentally friendly Give examples Action with impact on the friendly less friendly environment 1 saving energy I use low energy light bulbs 2 using public transport 3 limiting how much you fly 4 conserving water 5 recycling waste 6 purchasing green products 7 supporting local shops and Businesses 2 which of these environment problems A are natural B are man made C could be either Earthquakes oil spills at sea nuclear radiation leaks hurricanes landslides smog declining fish stocks drought extinction of different species Flooding chemical explosions volcanic eruptions 3 which of these problems has your country experienced in recent years How were they handled What precautions have been taken against future occurrences Reading 4 of these groups in society who can do most to combat pollution nd climate change A individual consumers B large companies C governments 5 below is an extract from the little earth book suggesting a possible way to control man made pollution Read the text quickly Which of these sentences do you think the author would agree with A Americans pollute more because they produce more of the world s wealth B the USA s pursuit of wealth is damaging the planet for everyone else C there are more important problems than damage to the environment D damage to the environment is the most important problem in the world tody E we can solve the problem if we all do something to help in our own lives F this problem requires concerted action from governments and international organisations Trading pollution quotas How can we eliminate pollution The biggest threat the world has ever faced is the rising level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere We must reduce emissions to a level that the world can sustain There is no alternative Thee gases are n essential part of a balanced ecosystem it is only in excess that they become dangerous But to get them back to a safe level emissions will have to be reduced by over 60 Since financial markets are so powerful they should be designed to reward countries for reducing emissions A mechanism for doing this is quirt simple and obvious and is only obscured by industrial countries attempting to avoid paying a fair price for their resources Here is how such a market could operate On average everyone in the world is responsible for 4 21 tonnes of carbon emissions year If the atmosphere can only sustain limited quantity of carbon dioxide should one person be allowed to emit a lot more than another Everyone should have an equal allowance ie 4 21 tonnes at present but reducing with time an Indian emits 0 81 tonnes on average and therefore has surplus of 3 4 tonnes available for sale an average American emits 19 53 tonnes He therefore needs to buy 15 32 tonnes in order to maintain his lifestyle Multiplied by population this means that India has 3 2billion tonnes of CO2 for sale and the US needs to buy 4 1 billion tonnes The US needs to buy the whole of India s surplus and more besides Alternatively the US must reduce its emissions Trading on this basis means that money would flow from the rich nations which are causing the climate havoc to poor nations that re suffering from it The UN development programme commented such flows would be neither aid nor charity They would be the outcome of a free market mechanism that penalises the richer nations Thus fair market system for tradable quota would result in a fairer world Each nation s allowance could then gradually be reduced on an equal percapita basis to a globally sustainable level 6 underline the sentences in the text that support your answer to exercise 4 above 7 which of the sentences in exercise 5 above do you agree with 8 do you think such a trading system would work Why Why not 9 how do you pronounce the following figures 1 60 2 4 21tonnes per year 3 3 2bn tonnes of CO2 Reading 1 read the conclusion to the passage trading pollution quotas blow In most lines there is an extra word that is unnecessary or grammatically incorrect But some lines are correct I there is an extra word write the word in the margin if there is no extra word in the line write CORRECT in the margin TRADING POLLUTION QUOTAS 0 not practical Rich nations my not like it the thought of inhabiting a fair it 00 and equitable world but multi nationals might not object if a millionaire correct 1 become being a billionaire he is not going to drink any more coca cola but 2 n India rising out of poverty becomes a marketing opportunity But that s 3 another story and perhaps another clutch of problems What are there the 4 alternatives Regions that they suffer catastrophic loss due to pollution by 5 the rich nations should have a case in international law If so their claim for 6 damages would be considerably more than the third world debt Grammar use of prepositions with statistics 2 choose the best preposition to complete each sentence 1 at on average an Indian emits 0 81 tonnes of carbon per year 2 emissions will have to be reduced for by 60 to get them back to a safe level 3 three out of from ten of the world s cars driven by Americans producing half the world s exhaust fumes 4 over through the last 30 years we have seen a rise in of global temperatures by of more than 1 C 5 the UK has set a target of maintaining its emissions with at 1990 levels 6 by on the end of the century se levels will rise between from two and four metres 3 these statements are from a us scientist who thinks the environmentalists are exaggerating Complete them by putting one preposition in each space 1 the number of bald eagles gas risen 1500 since 1965 2 air pollution fell in America last year the lowest level ever recorded 3 us forests expanded 9 5 million acres 1990and 2000 4 wetland areas have also increased the last five years 5 there will be a decline emissions from cars 80 in the next 30 years 6 fish stocks have stabilised their 1995 levels 7 two three of the targets set by the clean air act have been reached 8 average Americans now cause less pollution than five years ago 4 look at the graph describing the disposal of waste in the USA between 1970 and the present Write five more sentences about the facts it shows using the prepositions on page 78 Since 1970 the total amount of waste produced in the usa has increased by almost 300 Trends in waste disposal 0 50 100 150 1970 1980 1990 present landfill incinerated recycled Writing describing graph 5 the two graphs below show global temperature changes and carbon dioxide emissions from 1880 to 1990 Study the graphs and discuss with your partner the developments in each and the relationship between the two Is there a connection using information given in the graphs write a short report 120 140 words describing these changes and the possible connections between them begin like this The graphs show the changes in global temperatures and the mount of carbon dioxide emitted by different countries over the period 1880 to 1990 taking global temperature first we can see that Listening corporate social responsibility 1 stakeholders are all those people who play a part in or are affected by a company s activities Which group s of stakeholder are most affected in each of these cases Employees shareholders customers stakeholders suppliers the local community 1 an oil company overstates its profits in its half yearly financial report 2 a big supermarket decides to label the salt and sugar content in all its foods 3 A manufacturer of washing machines sets up a recycling scheme to take old washing machines back at the end of their useful lives 4 a brewer and distributor of beer makes a TV advertisement that children find very funny 5 a high street bank lays off 350 permanent staff and re employs 200 of them on temporary contracts 6 an electronics retailer increases its payment terms to trade creditors from 30 to 60 days 2 you will hear the CEO of a company talk about a particular approach to corporate social responsibility As you listen complete the notes to the talk You can use up to three words per space CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The theory 1 the new concept is called 2 the three areas in which to measure a company s performance are financial social and 3 these three legs are The reasoning behind it 4 people s lives are affected more by business than by 5 the environment is under great 6 business can play a part in 7 businesses don t always take into account the impact of their actions The practice 8 to make a difference companies have to 9 they must recongnise their responsibilities to all their 10 they must also submit to financial environmental and social 11 companies have to be honest and open about 12 it s not easy for a private company to disclose their Can this approach work What could be the disadvantages of it Grammar gerunds and infinitives 3 gerunds and infinitives Some words and expressions in English are followed by the gerund ing and some are followed by the infinitive to In this example from the listening on page 80 the word committed is followed by the preposition to and the gerund They must also be committed to respecting their employees in this other example from the listening on page 80 the phrase it s not enough is followed by the infinitive It s not enough to say you are going to follow a policy 4 look at these English saying Put the verb in the correct form gerund ing or infinitive to 1 it take all sorts make a world 2 you can t make an omelette without break eggs 3 it s no use cry over spilt milk 4 if