科技英语复习week15-16---EST Test Sample-Revision

I Decide whether the following statements are True or False 1 point for each 1 F Much of the world s electricity nowadays is produced from the use of renewable resources 2 F According to the Faraday s law action and reaction are opposite and equal 3 T In convention alternating current is usually supplied to people s houses at 50 cycles per second 4 T Dinosaurs may have become extinct because their brains were not proportional to their brawn 5 F Mankind has always doubted what Tennyson calls the useful trouble of the rain 6 T Modern computers are sometimes classified into generations with each generation characterized with some important technology 7 F Water pollution may affect humans directly causing a smarting of the eyes or coughing 8 T The Internet can also be used to transfer telephone calls using an application known as IP telephony 9 F The term civil engineering was first used in the U S A to distinguish the newly profession military engineering until then preeminent 10 T As late as the 1760s the radial boulevards in Paris had military as well as aesthetic purposes 11 T Urban planners in the 17th century Europe also introduced parks and playgrounds in congested city neighborhoods providing places for recreation and for visual relief 12 F Action and reaction are opposite and equal Sound travels through the air in waves Soft layers of ice moulded the lakes and hills of Europe and North America millions of years ago 13 F Civil engineering can be divided into three broad categories which may be described as consulting contracting and governmental engineering 14 T Although essentially a practical profession civil engineering is founded on applied science 15 T A tunnel is a passage or a gallery or a roadway beneath the ground or underwater 16 T Electric power systems refers to all components that transform other type of energy into electrical energy and transmit this energy to a consumer 17 F Electricity is a phenomenon produced by the elementary particle which belongs to a fundamental property of matter 18 F In comparison with both mechanics and optics the science of electricity and magnetism were slow to develop since 1700 19 F Urban management may be described as a social movement as a business function or as a technical profession There are lots of examples from human s earliest times of efforts to plan city development 20 F Around the 18th century the city planning concepts of the European Renaissance were transplanted to the New World 21 F Thunder is the loud noise followed by a flash of light If you light a match on an airplane no wind will blow it out 22 T Historically mechanics was among the first of the exact sciences to be developed It is concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces including the special case in which a body remains at rest 23 T The three quantities of bodies the total energy linear momentum and angular momentum in the universe are conserved 24 F Although England and Scotland were important centers of mathematical research in the early 17th century with Maclaurin s death in 1746 the British flame was all but extinguished 25 T The central concepts in classical mechanics are force mass and motion 26 F Art is the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects environments or experiences that are not to be shared with others 27 T Carbon is the most important element and for this reason all steels are classified according to carbon content 28 T Input devices such as a keyboard or mouse permit the computer user to communicate with the computer 29 F The development of electricity as a source of power started earlier than steam power late in the 20th century 30 T Art conservation and restoration are actions taken to examine preserve and restore to their original conditions of objects of historic and artistic merits 31 F Only certain drugs alter the body s chemistry 32 T A significant danger of heroin is that it is so addictive 33 F Even an overdose of amphetamines will probably not be fatal 34 T Barbiturates are particularly dangerous when taken with alcohol 35 F Scientists can predict with reasonable accuracy the effects of LSD on the user 36 F Although many scientists studied motion Newton was the first 37 T Acceleration is proportional to mass Any change in motion is produced by a force 38 T A rocket functions on the principle of action and reaction Newton s ideas influenced world thinking in fields other than science 39 F Galileo s ideas were based on Newton s work 40 T Noise pollution is one form of pollution that is characteristic of industrial societies is noise II Translate the following terms into English 30 3 points for each 1 载人飞行载人飞行 manned flight 角动量角动量 angular momentum 相对力学相对力学 relativistic mechanics 2 马蹄形磁铁马蹄形磁铁 horseshoe magnet 土木工程土木工程 civil engineering 运动学运动学 kinematics 动力学动力学 kinetics 3 数据库管理数据库管理 database management 弹出式广告弹出式广告 pop up ads 命令和指令命令和指令 commands 平板电脑平板电脑 tablet computer 笔记本电脑笔记本电脑 notebook laptop computer 台式机台式机 台式电脑台式电脑 desktop computer 10 发电机组发电机组 generator unit set power unit 水电站水电站 hydropower water power plant 鸡心夹头鸡心夹头 heart carrier 11 手术后的手术后的 postoperative 死后的死后的 验尸的验尸的 postmortem 凝固点凝固点 solid point 12 炸弹负荷炸弹负荷 炸弹负载炸弹负载 bomb load 立体显微镜立体显微镜 Stereomicroscope 空气阻力空气阻力 air reaction 13 工字钢工字钢 I steel 槽钢槽钢 U steel 金字塔式框架金字塔式框架 A frame 14 声纳声纳 sonar 镭射镭射 激光激光 laser 雷达雷达 radar 15 城市规划城市规划 urban planning 转转 分分 r p m 超导体超导体 superconductor III Translate the following terms into Chinese 30 3 points for each 1 air reaction solid point defense work 2 r p m SCR hydropower 3 RAM CPU Read Only Memory 4 stereomicroscope oxidize narcotics 5 process oriented heart carrier AC DC 6 radar sonar superconductor 7 I steel T beam U bolt 8 Morse code hypertext front user 9 hypo health postoperative decontrol 10 mechanics statics kinematics III Put the following sentences into Chinese 20 2 points for each 1 These vacuum tubes will see use in the output stage 这些真空管将在输出级得这些真空管将在输出级得 到应用 到应用 2 The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting 铸铸 造是把原材料加工成成品的最简便方法 造是把原材料加工成成品的最简便方法 3 Birds may be guided in their migration by the position of the sun or stars 鸟鸟 儿可能是通过太阳或恒星定位完成迁徙导航的 儿可能是通过太阳或恒星定位完成迁徙导航的 4 In this case a magnetic field will be built up round the coil 在这种情况下 在这种情况下 线圈周围将形成一个磁场 线圈周围将形成一个磁场 5 A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation 在机器投入运在机器投入运 行前 要先进行试车 行前 要先进行试车 6 An intricate network of the computer system runs this modern petroleum refinery 电子计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现代化的炼油厂 电子计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现代化的炼油厂 7 Mankind has always reverenced what Tennyson call the useful trouble of rain 人类一直很推崇丁尼生所说的名言 人类一直很推崇丁尼生所说的名言 雨既有用 又带来麻烦 雨既有用 又带来麻烦 8 Isaac Newton believed that the universe is symmetrical and in good balance 艾萨克艾萨克 牛顿认为宇宙既是对称的 又是非常平衡的 牛顿认为宇宙既是对称的 又是非常平衡的 9 He was thrown into confusion by unexpected results in the first experiment 首次实验发生的以外结果使他脑子陷入一片混乱 首次实验发生的以外结果使他脑子陷入一片混乱 10 Optics technology is one of the most sensational development in recent years 光学技术是近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一 光学技术是近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一 11 Engine must breathe freely to provide maximum power and performance 发发 动机必须通风良好 以便提供最大动力 发挥最佳效果 动机必须通风良好 以便提供最大动力 发挥最佳效果 12 Large quantities of steam are used by modern industry to generate power 现现 代化工业代化工业 现代产业大量使用蒸汽来发电 现代产业大量使用蒸汽来发电 13 This new type cylindrical vessel is designed and made by Chinese workers 这种新型圆筒形容器是由中国工人设计制造的 这种新型圆筒形容器是由中国工人设计制造的 14 Laser is found very efficient in drilling small holes in tunnel constructions 人们早已发现 激光是隧道施工中用于细孔钻探的高效设备 人们早已发现 激光是隧道施工中用于细孔钻探的高效设备 15 A roughing cut is usually to be followed by a finishing cut 通常 先做粗切通常 先做粗切 割 紧跟着进行精切割 割 紧跟着进行精切割 16 Iron usually is extracted from the ore by melting it in the blast furnace 铁 铁 通常是由放入鼓风高炉的铁矿砂经冶炼熔化后提取出来 通常是由放入鼓风高炉的铁矿砂经冶炼熔化后提取出来 IV Cloze 15 1 point for each People can become addicted 1 to different things e g alcohol drugs certain foods cell phone selfie stick or even television People who have such 2 an addiction are compulsive i e they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy According to psychologists many people are compulsive spenders They feel that they must spend money This compulsion 3 like most others is irrational impossible to explain reasonably 4 For compulsive spenders who buy on credit charge accounts are even more exciting than money 5 In other words compulsive spenders feel that with credit they can do anything Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater 6 than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy There is even 7 a special psychology of bargain hunting To save money of course most people look 8 for sales low prices and discounts Compulsive bargain hunters however often buy things that they don t need just 9 because they are cheap They want to believe that they are helping their budgets but they are really playing an exciting game when they can buy something for 10 less than other people they feel that they are winning Most people experts claim have two reasons for their behavior a good reason for the things that they do and 11 the real reason It is not only scientists of course 12 who understand the psychology of spending habits but also business people Stores companies and advertisers use psychology 13 to increase business They consider people s needs for love power or influence their basic values their beliefs and opinions and so on in their advertising 14 and sales methods Psychologists often use a method called behavior therapy to help individuals solve their personality problems In the same way they can help people who feel that they have problems 15 with money V Reading comprehension 10 2 points for each 1 A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting in criminal investigations DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA the molecule of which genes are made DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is However it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt not just establish innocence When used in criminal investigations a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge Mass and Daniel L Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone In particular they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate In response to their criticisms population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K Kidd of Yale University in New Haven Conn argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate In January 1998 however the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions And in April a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories 1 Before DNA fingerprinting is used suspects C A would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations B would have to submit evidence for their innocence C could easily escape conviction of guilt D cold be convicted of guilt as well 2 DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when B A the methods used for blood cell calculation are not accurate B two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern C a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals D two different individuals leave two DNA samples 3 To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl the current method A A is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals B is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern C Is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics D Is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying 4 The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that B A enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members B enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form the same person can match C enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person D additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person 5 National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that B A DNA testing should be systematized B Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing C The academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing D The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing 1 5 C B A B B 2 Racket din clamor noise whatever you want to call it unwanted sound is America s most widespread nuisance But noise is more than just a nuisance It constitutes a real and present danger to people s health Day and night at home at work and at play noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress No one is immune to this stress Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it the ear in fact never closes and the body still responds sometimes with extreme tension as to a strange sound in the night The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stress building up inside us Indeed because irritability is so apparent legislators have made public annoyance the basis of many noise abatement programs The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention Nevertheless when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other thing may be happening to us some of which may be damaging to our health Of many health hazards to noise hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals The other hazards are harder to pin down For many of us there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases Noise that causes annoyance and irritability in health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body Noise affects us throughout our lives For example there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise During infancy and childhood youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary amounts of rest Why then is there not greater alarm about these dangers Perhaps it is because the link between noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard 6 In Paragraph 1 the phrase immune to are used to mean A A unaffected by B hurt by C unlikely to be seen by D unknown by 7 The author s attitude toward noise