love-is-a-fallacy课后习题答案

Ruskin John Ruskin 1819 1900 English critic and social theorist was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid 19th century Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a universal language The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture About 1857 Ruskin s art criticism became more broadly social and political In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies 1865 The Crown of Wild Olive 1866 Time and Tide 1867 and Fors Clavigera 8 vols 1871 1884 Many of his suggested programs old age pensions nationalization of education organization of labor have become accepted doctrine 1 The writer humorously uses words like limp flaccid and spongy to describe his essay Nationally he doesn t believe his essay to be bad or else he would not have written nor would it have been published Max Shulman is well known for his humor 2 The purpose of this essay according to the writer is to demonstrate that logic far from being a dry pedantic subject is a living breathing thing full of beauty passion and trauma Logic may be an interesting subject but it is definitely not a living breathing full of beauty passion and trauma The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor 3 The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent an emotional and impressionable type of person However Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist he is swept up in every new craze that comes along 4 He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the logical fallacies she had been taught to reject his offer 5 1 The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances accident makes the rule inapplicable This is the Dicto Simpliciter fallacy in the text 2 The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men This is the fallacy of Hasty Generalization in the text 3 The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so called fallacies of relevance These include a the argu ment Ad Hominem speaking against the man rather than to the issue or the fallacy of Poisoning the Well mentioned in the text in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false b the argument Ad Miserieordiam an appeal to pity as when a trial lawyer rather than arguing for his client s innocence tries to move the jury to sympathy for him 4 The fallacy of circular argument or begging the question occurs when the premises presume openly or covertly the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated example Gregory always votes wisely But how do you know Because he always votes Libertarian 5 The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related The most common version of this fallacy called post hoc ergo propter hoc mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection as when a misfortune is attributed to a malign event like the dropping of a mirror 6 The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided example Do you like the twins Neither yes nor no but Ann yes and Mary no or refused altogether because a mistaken presupposition is involved example Have you stopped beating your wife 7 The fallacy of non Sequitur it does not follow still more drastic than the preceding occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau sible appearance of valid reasoning because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them 1 The title of the story is humorous and well chosen It has two meanings When fallacy is taken in its ordinary sense the title means There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love When it is taken as a specific term in logic the title means Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises 2 Yes I can The whole story is satirizing a smug self conceited freshman in a law school The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get From the very beginning in paragraph 4 he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think cool powerful precise and penetrating At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh For example he calls him dumb nothing upstairs unstable impressionable and a faddist And as for Polly Espy she is a beautiful dumb girl who would smarten up under his guidance 3 The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic far from being a dry pedantic subject is a living breathing thing full of beauty passion and trauma Logic may be an interesting subject The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid dramatic and colorful The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences ellip tical sentences and dashes throughout the story This mix adds to the realism of the story 4 The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like Gee Oo wow dow and clipped vulgar forms like delish marvy sesaysh etc to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony 5 The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him 6 The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence He was a torn man The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man In other words he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence 7 Because he begged Polly s love which was refused He might get the same result as Frankenstein who created a monster that destroyed him not as Pygmalion who was loved by his own statue of Galatea 8 The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves He has been too clever for his own good IV 1 The fallacy of unqualified generalization or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid 2 The fallacy of Hasty Generalization 3 The fallacy of post hoe ergo propter hoc 4 The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact 5 The fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoe 6 The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam 7 The fallacy of unqualified generalization 8 The fallacy of HaMy Generalization V See the translation of the text Vl 1 discipline a branch of knowledge or learning 2 dynamo an earlier form for generator a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy 3 flight fleeing or running away from 4 Charleston a lively dance in 4 4 time characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920 s 5 shed cast off or lose hair 6 in the swim conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs 7 practice the exercise of a profession of occupation 8 pin up American colloquialism designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls 9 makings the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something 10 carriage manner of carrying the head and body physical posture bearing way of carrying oneself manner 11 go steady American colloquialism date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively be sweethearts 1 2 deposit facetious put lay or set down l 3 brief a concise statement of the main points of a law case usually filed by counsel for the information of the court 14 1et up stopping relaxing 1 fashion 和 fad 均为名词 fashion 主要指某人 尤其指文 学 艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣 讲话等 方面的姿态或习惯 fad 指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时 流行的风尚 2 incredulous 和 incredible 均为形容词 incredulous 是 不轻易相信的 表示怀疑的 的意思 指对某 人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度 incredible 是 不可相信 的 意思 指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在 因而表示怀疑或不可 相信 3 passion 和 eagerness 均为名词 passi on 指一种强烈 的愿望或感情 这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者必 然的结果 eagerness 意即 渴望 或 热情 但往往含有不耐烦 的意味 4 feeling 和 emotion 均是名词 feeling 在没有上下文 限制的时候 往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉 或感情 emotion 指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起 的一种强烈的情感或情绪 5 reveal 和 show 均为动词 reveal 指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西 好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的 show 指某种事物或者东西 展现 在眼前 以便能看得到和看得清 6 tempt 和 incline 均为动词 tempt 意为 引诱 诱惑 指 一种强有力的诱惑 这种诱惑能克服对某一事物的顾忌或推断 incline 意为 倾向于 有 的倾向 指对某事物或行动或多或 少表现出一种暖昧的心理倾向 7 exasperation 和 disappointment 均为名词 exasperation 指使某人忍无可忍或者使 某人失去自控力的强烈愤怒或生气 disappointment 意为 失望 失意 指某人对某件事情感到没希望或失去信心 8 indulge 和 tolerate 均为动词 indulge 意为 纵容 容许 指由于意 志力的软弱或对事物的热心而对自己或他人的希望或愿望的一种屈 从 tolerate 意为 容忍 忍受 指以自我克制的态度对待令 人厌恶 令人反感的东西 含有 默认 或 宽恕 的意味 9 amusement 和 merriment 均为名词 amusement 意为 娱乐 消遣 指一种令人愉快的精神消遣 尤其是某种幽默的事物或谈 笑使人感到很有乐趣 merriment 意为 愉快 欢乐 指充满趣 味和笑声的某种事物 10 1anguish 和 suffer 均为动词 languish 指由于渴望而苦恼或遭受痛苦 suffer 指由于伤害 悲痛 或损失等原因而被迫遭受 蒙受痛苦或不愉快的事情 1 这几个词都是形容词 指人的智力或感觉等方面具有较高的 灵敏性或灵活性 keen 指在智力或感觉 视觉 听觉等五官方面是 敏锐的或敏捷的 尤指具有解决复杂或疑难问题的特殊能力 acute 意为 敏锐的 指具有观察到别人没有注意到的某种意义 感情 意见 颜色 音调等的细微差别的能力 也指具有某种非常 敏锐的神经注意力 这种注意力持续的时间不长 astute 意为 敏锐的 精明的 聪明的 指对某领域或某学科有很深的造 诣或者有一定的体验的能力或洞察力 perspicacious 在这些单词 中最为正式的用词 强调具有高度的洞察力 calculating 意为 精明的 精于算计的 尤指会打小算盘 2 intelligent 指 具有善于从经验中学习或领会或对新事物迅速作出反应的能力 clever 意为 聪明的 伶俐的 指善于理解 善于学习 但有 时含有 不够深入 的意思 alert 意为 机敏的 指善于观察和 行动 强调善于抓住某个时机 bright 和 smart 比较口语化 一般 可代替前面几个词中的任何一个 brilliant 意为 英明的 指 具有非凡的智力或理解力 1 biology mineralogy geology eulogy micrology 2 gastritis neuritis hepatitis arthritis tonsillitis 3 1inguist absolutist violinist chartist pragmatist 4 buoyancy decency complacency consistency fluency 5 politics economics dynamics histrionics dialectics 6 closure erasure exposure puncture expenditure X Simile 1 My brain was as powerful as a dynamo as precise as a chemist s scales as penetrating as a scalpel comparing his brain to three different things 2 First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window comparing his torn expression with the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window 3 the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet comparing the coat with a hairy animal Metaphor 1 There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb s frontier comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier 2 logic far from being a dry pedantic discipline is a living breathing thing full of beauty passion and trauma comparing logic to a living human being 3 In other words if you were out of the picture the field would be open meaning that if you re no longer involved with her if you stop dating her others would be free to compete for her friendship Hyperbole 1 It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect hyperbole for effect 2 he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat an exaggeration to describe his great longing for the coat as mad lust 3 You are the whole world to me and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space exaggeration for effect Metonomy 1 Otherwise you have committed a Ditto Simpliciter Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called a dictosimpliciter ad dictum secundum quid 2 You are guilty of Post Hoe if you blame Eula Becker You have committed the logical fallacy called Post Hoe 3 surgeons have X rays to guide them during an operation X rays are taken as photographs made by means of X rays Antithesis 1 It is after all easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful beautiful dumb and smart are balanced against ugly smart and beautiful 2 Back and forth his head swiveled desire waxing resolution waning Desire waxing is balanced against resolution waning 3 If there is an irresistible force there can be no immovable object irresistible and immovable are balanced against each other 1 Vague though its category inversion to emphasize vague 2 Cool was I and logical inversion for emphasizing cool 3 Beautiful she was inversion to emphasize beautiful 4 Eula Becker her name is inversion to emphasize the name of the girl 5 Five grueling nights this took but it was worth it inversion to emphasize five gruelling nights 1 Sympathy I don t want 2 Yield he would not though death threatened him 3 That trip to Niagara you mustn t miss 4 Down came the boy on his head 5 In front of him on his desk were piled the medical records and conduct sheets 6 Completely different is the last story 7 In walked a man dressed in a black gown 8 Without fear lives he who is devoted to a just cause Colloquialisms dumb pin up kid go steady date casual kick laughs terrific magnificent mad call it a night yummy fire away darn Slangs nothing upstairs keen deal knock oneself out dreamy how cute well heeked rat knot head jitterbug gug The main idea is developed by the method of classification The writer uses a series of paragraphs to develop the classification adequately and completely To write an effective paragraph of classification the writer can use the following procedure 1 Clearly and as precisely as necessary identify the term being classified When necessary define it in words the reader can understand 2 State or imply clearly the standards on which the classification is to be made Sometimes the name of the class or classes in which the item is placed suggests the basis or standard for the classification Classifying birds as game birds clearly specifies them as among those which can be hunted and eaten by humans 3 Identify the names of the classes into which the items being classified belong 4 Finally discuss each of the classes limiting the discussion to the standards on which the classification is based XV 1 The writer is satirizing a self conceited freshman in a law school The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every conceivable opportunity From the very beginning in paragraph 4 he begins to heap on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think of cool logical keen calculating perspicacious acute astute pow erful precise and penetrating This exaggerated self praise and the profuse use of similes and metaphors help to make the satire humorous At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Percy Butch For example he calls him dumb nothing upstairs unstable impressionable an