StructuresinUse、GrammarinUse (4)

1 动词时态和语态 1 一 动词的分类和形式 一 动词的分类和形式 动词是表示动作和状态的词 动词有时态 语态和语气 3 种形式的变化 1 动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为 谓语动词 和 非谓语动词 两种 2 动词的 4 种基本形式 动词原形 过去式 过去分词和现在分词 3 动词按其构成动词词组作用分为 实义动词 连系动词 情态动词和助动词 1 实义 动词分为及物动词和不及物动词 还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词 2 连系动词有两种 一种 表特征或状态 另一种表状态变化过程 4 五种不同的短语动词 1 动词 介词 2 动词 副词 3 动词 副词 介词 4 动词 名词 或代词 介词 5 be 形容词 包括相当于形容词的过去分词 介词 二 动词的时态 二 动词的时态 1 一般现在时的用法 1 表示现在的习惯 经常发生的动作或存在的状态 2 表示主语 的特征 性格和能力 3 表示客观事实或真理 4 表示按照计划安排好的将来行为 只限于 是 go come leave start stop be 等开始或移动意义的词 2 一般过去时的用法 1 表示过去的动作或状态 2 叙述过去连续发生的事情 3 表 示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作 3 一般将来时的用法 1 表示将来的动作或状态 2 表示将来的经常动作 4 现在进行时的用法 1 表示说话时正在进行的动作 2 表示现阶段正在进行的动作 说话时动作不一定进行 5 过去进行进的用法 1 过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作 2 表示移动的 动词 come start stay leave go 等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作 3 was going to do 可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作 6 现在完成时的用法 1 表示刚刚完成的动作 常与 just 连用 2 表示过去发生而持续 到现在的动作或状态 甚至延续到将来 常与 since for 连用 但 for since 不能与终止性的动词 连用 3 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 7 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1 现在完成时与现在有联系 它表示过去的动作对 现在所产生的结果 影响 一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作 与现在没什 么联系 2 现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为 一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体 动作 8 过去完成的用法 1 表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作 常与 by before 等介 词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示 2 表示由过去某一时间开始 一直延续到过去另一时间 的动作 常和 for 有时可省去 或 since 构成的短语或 since 引导的从句连用 9 过去将来时的用法 表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态 练习一 动词时态与语态 1 2 1 When I saw Mary she on the piano A is playingB playsC was playing D played 2 She the door before she goes away A had lockedB is locking C has locked D was locking 3 A hunter is a man who animals A catch B catches C will catch D was catching 4 What if I drink this A happens B is happening C will happen D is happened 5 I will visit you if Father me A let B lets C is letting D will let 6 Look out That tree fall down A is going to B will be C shall D would 7 My uncle to see me He ll be here soon A comes B is coming C had come D came 8 They can t leave until they their work A did B are doing C have done D has done 9 Has he seen this film Yes He it several days ago A saw B has seen C had seen D was seeing 10 Now Mike isn t here He Mr Green s Perhaps he back in a few minutes A went to is coming B has gone to will come C has been to will be D is going to has come 11 That day he his clothes before he came to see me A has washedB washedC had been washing D was washed 12 I haven t finished my composition I for two hours and a half A have written it B have been writing it C wrote it D am writting it 13 I will take my daughter with me when I ShangHai A go to B will go to C have been to D have gone to 14 This bright girl the truth in front of the enemy A didn t sayB couldn t speak toC said D didn t tell 15 The bridge which last year looks really beautiful A was built B built C was set up D had been built 16 When school begin Next Monday A has B does C did D is going to 17 I will here till you give me some money A leave B not leave C come D return 18 I here since I moved here A will work B worked C work D have been working 19 Every time I there I will buy him something nice 3 A went B will go C go D have gone 20 It was said that his father A has died B died C has been dead D had died 21 We won t go unless you soon A had come B came C will come D come 22 six years since I began studying English A They have been B it is C It was D There are 23 They the Summer Palace three times A have gone toB have been toC have been inD have gone into 24 How long haven t we seen each other Well it nearly two years since we last A is have met B was had met C is met D has been had met 25 Have you seen the art exhibition No there A it was not being held B they didn t hold C it had not held D they were holding it 26 Don t get off the bus until it A stop B will stop C stopped D has stopped 27 Where the recorder I can t see it anywhere I it right here But now it s gone A did you put have put B have you put put C had you put was putting D were you putting have put 28 They asked me to have a drink with them I said that it was 10 years since I a good drink A had enjoyed B was enjoyingC enjoyed D had been enjoying 29 Don t come tonight I would rather you tomorrow A come B came C will come D coming 30 you A Do marry B Have marriedC Have been marriedD Are married 31 When he all the newspapers he ll go home A sells B has sold C will have sold D will be sold 32 This cloth well and long Ok I ll take it A washes lasts B is washed lastedC washes is lasted D is washing lasting 33 Hurry up you on the phone Oh I m coming Thank you A are wanted B are being wanted C want D are wanting 34 I see you but I didn t for I had no time A had wanted toB has wanted toC wantedD was wanted 35 I in Guang Zhou for six years by this October A have lived B was living C will be living D shall have lived 36 By this time next year he from the college A will be graduating B should be graduating C will have graduated D is graduating 37 Our teacher told us that the earth from west to east 4 A turns B turn C has turned D had turned 38 My brother while he his bicycle and hurt himself A fell was ridingB fell were riding C had fallen rodeD had fallen was riding 39 Bill said he twenty one the next year A was going to beB was about to beC could beD was to be 40 It is high time you in bed now A are B were C will be D would be 41 After a while an agreement A was arrived atB was arrived in C was arrivedD has been arrived 42 The air liner from Beijing at 3 00 p m A is about to arrive B has arrived C arrives D is going to arrive 43 that step is not safe A Look around B Look upC Look out D Look down 44 Have you him to give up smoking No I but he wouldn t listen A persuaded triedB tried persuadedC tried triedD persuaded persuaded 45 The research laboratory is going to the new type of computer to use A take B make C put D send 46 I don t know when he but when he I ll let you know A will come comesB comes will comeC comes comes D will come will come 47 How much do you think that vase A is cost B used C was paid for D cost 48 I that he would be able to leave tomorrow but it s beginning to look diffcult A hopeB had hopedC hopedD am hoping 49 Come on Peter I want to show you something Oh how nice of you I you to bring me a gift A never think are goingB never thought were going C didn t think are goingD hadn t thought were going 50 It s a nice flat but it a proper bathroom A haven t gotB hasn t gotC wouldn t getD doesn t have got 51 She had a shock when she heard the news A hadn t sheB didn t sheC wouldn t sheD won t she 52 This liquid the salt at room temperature A became mixed withB was mixed by C mixes withD has been mixing by 5 动词时态和语态 2 一 时态的呼应 一 时态的呼应 在复合句 从句 主要是宾语从句 中的时态 常受主句谓语动词的影响 这就叫做时态的呼应 时态的呼应一般有如下的情况 1 如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态 其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态 如 She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears 2 如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态 从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态 但要注意到下 列情况 1 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时 如 She said she was busy then 2 如果从句中的谓语动词 所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前 从句中须用过去完成时 如 I didn t know that she had been to London twice 3 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语 动词所表示的动作之后 从句须用过去将来时 如 They didn t know when they would have a rest 4 如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象 虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用 一般现在时 如 When I was a little child my father told me that the earth is round 5 如果从句中 有表示具体过去时间的状语 虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作 之前 从句仍用一般过去时 但如果该状语表示的时间不具体 则从句仍要用过去完成时 如 Tome said he was born in 1975 二 被动语态 二 被动语态 英语动词的语态有两种 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执 行者 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 在被动语态的句子中 动作的执行者 一般由介词 by 引起的短语来表示 如 We often help them 主动 我们常帮助他们 They are often helped by us 被动 他们常被我们帮助 1 被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词 be 的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成 2 被动语态八种时态的用法例句 被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态 的 基本用法相同 只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者 而是动作的承受者 如 1 一般现在时 Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country 2 一般过去时 The Great hall of the People was built in 1959 3 一般将来时 When will the work be finished 4 过去将来时 He told us that the work would be finished the next day 5 现在进行时 Your tractor is being repaired now 6 过去进行时 The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in 7 现在完成时 The work hasn t been finished yet 8 过去完成 The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began 3 在下列情况下 一般使用被动语态 1 当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动 作执行者时 如 Paper was first made in China 2 当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时 如 The new machine was invented by a 20 year old young worker 4 由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型 1 将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态 时 可按下列步骤进行 先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语 再将主动语态动词改 为被动语态动词 最后在被动语态之后加介词 by 并将主动结构的主语放在 by 之后 经常 被省略 构成介词短语 由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时 要注意被动语态动词中助动 词 be 的各种形式变化 因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词 be 不同的形式来表示的 如 Trees are planted every spring 如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语 又有间接宾语 一 般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语 将直接宾语保留在原处 如将直接宾语改为被动语 6 态句中的主语 将间接宾语保留在原处时 一般要在间接宾语前加介词 to 或 for 如 Grandma told me an interesting story last night was told an interesting story last night An interesting story was told to me last night 主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时 改为被 动语态时 就将宾语改为主语 将宾补保留在原处 而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了 宾 补可以有下列几种情况 宾补为动词不定式 如 They asked her to sing a song She was asked to sing a song 在动词 make see hear watch notice 等之后 不定式的 to 在主动语态里可要 省略 而被动语态里不能省 如 Tom was seen to come out of the lab 宾补为分词 如 They heard them singing at the time They were heard singing at that time 宾补为形容词 副词 名词 或介词短语 如 She kept me busy all the morning I was kept busy all the morning 如果 主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词 改为被动语态时 要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词 以保持短语动词的完整性 如 She always takes good care of the children The children are always taken good care of 含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词 原形改为被动语态 因其前有情态动词 所以构成被动语态的助动词 be 就要使用原形 如 They must finish the work before Friday The work must be finished before Friday be going to be to used to have to 和 had better 等结构 其作用相当于情态动词或助动词 在改为被动语 态时 只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可 如 The are not going to put off the football match The football match is not going to be put off 练习二 动词时态与语态 2 53 An exhibition of paintings at the museum next week A are to be held B is to be held C are holding D will hold 54 I m sorry sir Your recorder isn t ready yet It in the factory A is being repaired B is repaired C has been repaired D hasn t repaired 55 Every possible means but none prove successful A has tried B has been tried C is being tried D tried 56 that they can pass the written exam this time A That is hoped B It is hoped C That hopes D It hopes 57 My little sister has broken my watch My watch by my little sister A is broken B has broken C have been brokenD has been broken 58 He was cleaning his room when I entered the house His room by him when I entered the room A was being cleaned B was cleaned C was being cleaning D has been cleaned 59 I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time This novel reading by me by dinner time A will have finished B will has been finished C will have being finished D will have been finished 60 You ought to keep these three rooms clean These three rooms by you A are oughted to keep clean B ought to kept clean C ought to be kept clean D ought to have been kept clean 7 61 You are about to write a poem aren t you A poem by you A is about to be written aren t you B is about to be writing isn t it C is about to be writing aren t you D is about to be written isn t it 62 She had better leave a note to him A note to him by her A had better left B had be better left C had better be left D had better been left 63 He doesn t do his homework every day His homework by him every day A doesn t be doneB aren t done C don t be done D isn t done 64 We must take care of our parents when they are old Our parents when they are old A must be taken care B must be took cars C must take care of D must be taken care of 65 People look down upon him because he is a liar He because he is a liar A is looked down B is looked down upon C looks down upon D looks down 66 Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday A dictionary me by Father on my birthday A shall be given to B will give C shall give to D will be giving to 67 We elected her leader She by us A is elected leader B was leader elected C was elected leader D leader was elected 68 People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes Why are all of the A grey painted mailboxesB mailboxes grey painted C mailboxes painted greyD painted grey mailboxes 69 I saw him enter the room He the room A is seen enter B is seen to enter C was seen to enter D was seen enter 70 The question asked by him is hard A to answer B to be answered C to be answering D for answer 71 How sweet the music A sounds to be B is sounded C is sounded to be D sounds 72 In warm weather fruit and meat long A don t keep B cannot be kept C are not kept D are not keeping 73 He received a telegram Mother Sick A written B said C reading D writing 74 The classroom 30 feet long A measures B is measured C has D has length 75 Do you remember A how it is done B it how to be done C How is it done by D how to do 76 to have been rich A They say B It is said C He is said D That was said 77 Mathematics is difficult A to learn B for learning C to be learned D of learning 78 My hair is so long that I must go to a barber s shop and A have to cut it B have it cut C get it to be cut D to cut it 79 The pencil well A writes B is written C was written D writing 80 I can t see the blackboard very well Perhaps you need A to examine your eyes B to have your eyes examined C to have examined your eyes D to be examined your eyes 81 Where is the coffee table Tom just had it away A move B moving C moved D moves 82 Good medicine to the mouth A tastes bitter B tastes bitterly C is tasted bitter D is tasted bitterly