英语语法--绪论及句子结构

1 Language 语言 linguistics 语言学 the study of languages Phonetics 语音学 how to pronounce sounds phonetic symbols vowel and consonant Phonology 音位学 form a meaningful sequence of sounds 语音系统 Morphology 形态学 form words by the rules Syntax 句法学 words form correct sentences by the rules 语法语法 Semantics 语义学 the study of the meaning of language 语义 linguistics 语言学 Pragmatics 语用学 the study of language in use meaning context 语用 morpheme 词素 word 词 phrase 词组 clause 分句 grammar 语法 sentence 句子 hierarchy simple word 简单词 boy take roomfree morpheme 自由词素 one that may constitute a meaningful word by itself compound word 复合词 football sunflower intake inflectional affix 屈折词缀 1 名词复数标记 s es 2 名词属格标记 s 3 第三人称动词单数现在时标记 s es 4 动词 ed 分词或 ing 分词标记 5 形容词或副词比较级和最高级的 标记 er est morpheme 词素 bound morpheme 粘附词素 one that must be attached to a word namely it cannot stand by itself It functions as affix derivational affix 派生词缀 1 prefix 前缀 2 infix 中缀 3 suffix 后缀 word formation 构词法 simple word 简单词 derivative 派生词 and compound word 复合词 1 open class 开放词类 content word 实义词 noun adjective adverb and main verb word 词 its grammatical function 语法功能 2 closed class 封闭词类 function word 功能词 preposition pronoun determiner and auxiliary 2 1 语法术语 语法术语 2 系统 全面 深入的构建语法知识 系统 全面 深入的构建语法知识 3 对语法中辨对语法中辨 3 此外 cardinal numeral 基数词 ordinal numeral 序数 词 interjection 感叹词 介于 开放 和 封闭 之间 1 independent clause 独立分句 and dependent subordinate clause 从属分句 2 simple clause 简单分句 and complex clause 复杂分句 3 main clause 主句 and subordinate clause 分句 clause 分句 syntactical function 句法功能 4 finite clause 限定分句 infinite clause 非限定分句 and verbless clause 无动词分句 Full sentence 完全句 至少一个完整的主谓结 构的句子 按结构形式分为 1 simple sentence 简单句 2 compound sentence 并列句 3 complex sentence 复杂句 4 compound complex sentence 并列复杂句 sentence Minor sentence 不完全句 不具备完整主谓结构的 句子 省略句 警示语等 A dog No parking Help SVCI am a teacher I am beautiful I am in good health The flowers smell fragrant that car is mine SVIron rusts prices are going down SVOI want a return ticket the plane is losing altitude 降低高度 The train is building up speed 提速 SVoOI sent him a telegram I made myself a cup of tea SVOCWe make him monitor We make the room neat and tidy We make him laugh He ordered them away He pronounced himself in favor of the plan SVAI live in Shijiazhuang basic clause types 基本句型 SVOAI put the book on the table 1 Clause elements subject 主语 主语 predicate predicate verb 谓语动词谓语动词 object direct object 直直 宾宾 indirect object 间宾间宾 attributive 定语定语 adverbial 状语状语 complement 补语补语 此外此外 linking verb 连系动词或系动词连系动词或系动词 transitive verb 及物动词及物动词 intransitive verb 不及物动词不及物动词 compound subject predicate 并列主语并列主语 谓语谓语 2 不定式除了谓语其它句子成分均可以做 动词不定式除了谓语其它句子成分均可以做 动词 ing 除了谓语其它句子均可以做 过去分词只除了谓语其它句子均可以做 过去分词只 能做定状补成分 能做定状补成分 3 析易混淆的语法知识 析易混淆的语法知识 4 实践与应用实践与应用 系动词分类系动词分类 根据系动词的意义 将其分为三类 根据系动词的意义 将其分为三类 表 状态 表示某种特征 性质和处于某种状态 这类系动词强调 存在 常见的有 be seem appear smell look taste feel sound ring read die marry part split break awake rise blow turn out 等 除了 be 和 seem 是完全系动词外 其余属于半系动词 表 变化 表示某一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态 这些系动词均 属于半系动词 如 become get come g