listen-this-way-3答案及原文

Unit 1 Part I Getting ready A B Keys 1 burning of the forests tree removal deforestation reduction of the world s rain forests 2 global warming greenhouse effect emissions of CO2 Part II The Earth at risk I A Keys 1 a More people more firewood fewer trees b More domestic animals more plants fewer available plants a b More desert move south desrtt expanding south no grass 2 Growing crops stabilize soil without them the top soil just blows away But if there isn t enough rain the crops don t grow 3 People try to grow food to support themselves or to create ranches where cattle can be raised or to get hardwood for export or to make way for an iron ore mine B Keys 1 Sahara Desert 2 North America life getting better for captive dolphins 4 natural behabior patterns altered 5 suffering from fractured skulls ribs or jaws 6 can t learn from animals in the wild how they operate breed what they need etc Part IV More about the topic Birds A Source of Wealth Keys 1 9300 2 Habitat 3 warmer climates 4 300 different species 5 colder climates 6 habitat alteration 7 esthetic value 8 Birds population Part V Do you know Keys 1 one and one half million 2 20 times 3 100 4 40000 5 65 million 6 3500 7 2 million square miles 8 3 9 200 animal species 10 1000 11 a third 12 two thirds 13 three quarters Tape script of unit 2 Part I Getting ready A Hello I m calling on behalf of the World Wildlife Fund B The what A The World Wildlife Fund If you ve got a few minutes I d like to tell you what that means B Oh all right A We work to conserve natural areas that contain endangered wildlife The seas for example have become polluted by the industrialized world whales are being hunted to extinction turtles are rolled off their eggs when they come ashore to breed or are slaughtered for their meat and oil B Oh A Crocodiles are killed to make handbags and shoes walruses are hunted for their ivory B I see A Seals are bludgeoned to death to provide fur coats and the threat of extinction hangs over several species of whale dolphin and porpoise B Really A We are now campaigning to provide sea sanctuaries for some of these endangered species B Very interesting A Aided by our campaign protected nesting sites for turtles have already been set up As you can see this is very valuable work and I wonder therefore if you d like to make a donation Part II Christmas bird counts John James Audubon was an American artist in the early 1800s who illustrated birds in their natural habitats The Society named after him was founded in the late 1800s by conservationists concerned with the decline of birds which were being killed so their feathers could be used in the manufacture of women s hats Sponsored by the National Audubon Society more than 40 000 volunteers will be outside counting birds from today until January 3rd Volunteers from all 50 states of the United States every Canadian province parts of Central and South America Bermuda the West Indies and Pacific islands have begun to count and record every individual bird and bird species observed during the two and one half week period of the count Jeffrey LeBaron is the National Audubon Society s Christmas Bird Count editor He says the count is the longest running bird census in ornithology This year according to Mr LeBaron more than 1 600 separate bird counts have been scheduled Some would have as few as 10 people taking part others with hundreds The logistics of the Christmas bird count he adds are simple Each individual count is in a circle It s a 15 mile diameter circle um around the exact center point And it s always the exactly same area that s done every year usually even on the same weekend during the count period And what the ideal would be which is virtually impossible is this census every single individual bird within that circle on the count day Mr LeBaron says experienced bird counters can get a good idea of the total bird populations within the count circle based on the number of birds they actually see The editor points out however that the counts are not only for experienced bird watchers Anybody that is interested or concerned can become involved Beginners will go out in a party with experienced individuals who know both the area and the birds in the area in the field where more eyes and ears are better And then anybody can point out a bird and someone in the field will always be able to identify the bird Part III Dolphin captivity A A planned aquatic park in Denver is raising the ire of animal rights activists who object to a proposal to include a captive dolphin display Although officials for Colorado s Ocean Journeys say they have yet to make a final decision on the issue local and national activists have already instigated a No Dolphins in Denver campaign As Colorado Public Radio s Peter Jones reports the battle lines have been clearly drawn P Rick Troud a former navy dolphin trainer based in Florida is taking an active role in the No Dolphins campaign R Average age in the wild ranges anywhere in some of the studies between 30 and 40 years of age In captivity you can expect a dolphin to live maybe 5 13 years and every 7 years in captivity the dolphin population is dead P According to Troud there are many reasons why dolphins can t live full lives in captivity R If you take a look at where the real dolphin is in the real ocean you find the dolphin who swims 40 miles a day is very family oriented These animals are separated from their mothers that s a stress You put them in a concrete tank where their sonar bounces off of walls they can t swim in the same amount of time and direction that they can in the wild P Environmentalist and ocean explorer Jean Michel Cousteau J There are some animals which reject captivity right away and they re very suicidal I ve had one of those in my own arms for many days The next morning when I came to take care of him he was dead And what he d done was to swim as fast as he could from one end of the pool on to the other side and destroyed his head by hitting the wall They have a very sophisticated brain I don t think we have any rights to play with the lives of these animals P Cousteau s anti captivity position is challenged by Dr Deborah Duffield a biology professor at Portland State College in Oregon Her 1990 study compared captive dolphins to the wild population of Sarasota Bay Florida Among other findings the study showed little if any difference in the average age of death And Duffield says life is generally getting better for captive dolphins D The census data say that every time I do a census I ve got older and older animals in it as well as this normal age distribution that we ve been looking at So my feeling is that the trend in captivity has been that the group of animals that we re following are getting older and if they continue to do that over the next five years they will then indeed be older than the wild population P There is also a debate over the educational benefits of keeping marine mammals in captivity According to Duffield captive dolphins play an important role in our basic understanding of the animals D I firmly believe that we cannot learn anything about organisms that we share this world with if we do not understand how they live in an environment and what they do and that watching them go by in the wild will not do it I cannot tell what an animal needs unless I know how it operates how it breeds what it needs metabolically and I can t learn that from animals in the wild P But Troud says the dolphin displays are anti educational because the animals natural behavior patterns are altered by captivity R In the wild you don t have dolphins who beat each other to death There are no dolphins that I ve ever seen stranded on the beach who are suffering from fractured skulls fractured ribs or fractured jaws as is the case in captivity P The Ocean Journey board will take all factors into consideration before making a final decision on whether to include dolphins in the park For Colorado Public Radio I m Peter Jones Part IV More about the topic Birds A Source of Wealth Mr LeBaron says there are about 9 300 different known species of birds Larger numbers of them live in the warmer climates For example more than 300 different species have been counted in Panama while far fewer species are native to colder climates Aside from their esthetic value Mr LeBaron says birds are important to the environment because they can signal changes in it Birds are one of the best indicators that we have of the quality of the environment within the given area Whether it is a relatively local area or even primarily on the worldwide bases they are one of the first things to be altered They are quite sensitive to a habitat alteration or to other threats And often times when birds are disappearing out of the area it just means there is a degradation of the quality of the habitat within that area which will adversely affect everything in there including humans National Audubon Society editor Jeffrey LeBaron calls the world s bird populations a source of wealth that humans must protect People get so much pleasure out of looking at birds and listening to birds And if they start disappearing just the er the quality of life um may be not physically but the mental quality of life can be degraded quickly Jeffrey LeBaron says that while the National Audubon Society s annual Christmas bird counts show a decline in some species many types of birds are actually increasing their populations Part V Do you know Scientists have cataloged more than one and one half million of the species that exist on Earth today By some recent estimates at least 20 times that many species inhabit the planet Up to 100 species become extinct every day Scientists estimate that the total number of species lost each year may climb to 40 000 by the year 2000 a rate far exceeding any in the last 65 million years Around the world more than 3 500 protected areas exist in the form of parks wildlife refuges and other reserves These areas cover a total of about 2 million square miles 5 million square km or 3 of our total land area Today more than 200 animal species in the United States are classified as endangered More than 1 000 animal species are endangered worldwide Little noticed aquatic animals are in big trouble In North America a third of our fish species two thirds of our crayfish species and nearly three quarters of the mussel species are in trouble Unit 3 Part I Getting ready A B Keys Weather condition 1 Partly sunny 2 Partly cloudy 3 Periods of clouds and sunshine 4 Expecting snow Temperatures 1 2 2 1 3 5 4 0 5 8 6 2 7 10 8 1 9 5 10 7 11 9 12 4 C D Keys 1 warmer 2 Green house effect 3 sea levels 4 climate zones E Keys 1 North or south of equator 2 Typhoon 3 Eastern Pacific Part II El Eino A Keys 1 weather pattern 2 global climate 3 twice a decade 4 12 18 months 5 warmer weather 6 wetter than usual 7 drier 8 the decline of winds 9 droughts B Keys 1 a cyclic weather pattern 2 about twice a decade 3 wetter 4 drier 5 cold water away from South America s west 6 expand eastward toward the America s 7 move eastward too 8 the weather around the world 9 droughts 10 rains and flooding 11 the South American fishing industry 12 to become depletive 13 the strength of it Part III Lick Observatory A Keys 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5 5 3 6 4 7 2 8 1 B Keys 1 An hour s drive 2 summit 3 a wealthy businessman 4 Eight C Keys 1 human eyes 2 in the cold 3 TV screen 4 Romance 5 the sky 6 efficiency 7 reality universe Questions 1 Because Lick Observatory is near Silicon Valley a region of the state s high technology 2 Because Lick Observatory was built on his estate and he was buried at the base of the telescope at his own request 3 By using the 19th century telescope you have a feeling of romance with direct viewing with the human eyes By using the modern devices you lose that romance but gain the efficiency That s an exchange Part IV More about the topic The National Climatic Data Center A Keys 1 1951 2 headquarters 3 satellites radar solar radiation systems airplanes ships 4 collecting weather records from around the world 5 publications about earth environment 6 requests for information from all over the world B Keys 1 The Department of Defense the National Weather Service the coastguard 2 The office has written weather observations made by early American diplomat Benjamin Franklin and by the third President of the U S 3 You can get the information by computer microfilm and telephone 4 One has monthly and yearly records about weather conditions in about 270 American cities Another publication has monthly reports from 15 00 observation stations around the world 5 The center had more than 900 000 requests from government officials business owners weather researchers and the general public last year Part V Do you know Keys 1 Little girl 2 the western coast of South America 3 the Pacific coast 4 winter months 5 one to two 6 the eastern Pacific Ocean 7 those of El Nino 8 drier 9 wetter Tape script of unit 3 Part I Getting ready A BC Looking here at Wednesday s weather forecast for Europe It s certainly clear that winter is starting to take its grip on the continent Berlin on Wednesday mostly cloudy and very cold and 2 degrees for your high Brussels Belgium a little warmer at one degree partly sunny London 5 degrees for your high mostly cloudy throughout the day In Paris your high temperature is 0 degrees on Wednesday partly cloudy as well Rome 8 degrees for your high with periods of clouds and sunshine And Vienna Austria 2 degrees on Wednesday cloudy and of course cold Athens Greece a little warmer at 10 degrees periods of clouds and sunshine on Wednesday Belgrade Yugoslavia 1 degree for your high mostly cloudy Istanbul 5 degrees and partly sunny And Kiev Ukraine 7 degrees and you can expect snow Moscow 9 degrees on Wednesday also snowy And in Prague the Czech Republic 4 degrees with snow flurries so sounds like typical of weather for that area of the world Let s look at what we have here in Washington D C no snow yet but it will be coming D As 1998 ends and people look forward to the last year of the century the World Almanac spoke with experts about what comes next Almanac editorial director says the experts believe the next century will bring lots of changes Warm of course that our climate is going to continue getting warmer That s the subject by the way of another new article on the 1999 World Almanac The greenhouse effect exactly what causes it and what steps to be taken to um perhaps to alleviate global warmings I ve seen recently that 1998 is going to go down as the warmest year ever on record And so that s going to be a major issue of the next century and possible tremendous consequences of the global warmings whether it is rising sea levels affecting the coastal areas changes in climate zones affecting what crops can be grown and in what regions This is potentially a very significant trend to be watched E Major ocean storms in the northern part of the world usually develop in late summer or autumn over waters near the equator They are known by several different names Scientists call these storms cyclones when they happen just north or south of the equator in the Indian Ocean In the western Pacific Ocean or the China Sea these storms are called typhoons In the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean they are called hurricanes Part II El Eino Satellite readings confirm that conditions are right for another El Nino a cyclic weather pattern that affects the global climate El Nino s normally show up about twice a decade and it lasts about 12 to 18 months bringing warmer weather to parts of the earth Some regions become wetter than usual others drier The El Nino which began in 1991 has lingered through this year Although several years might have been expected to pass before the next one an American French satellite observing the oceans has found a sign that El Nino may come back quicker than expected These kinds of things still happen This is Brig Jacker an oceanographer of the US Naval Research Laboratory in Mississippi Every year is unpredictable One year might be El Nino year one year might not Generally El Nino s come in four year cycles But there s nothing to say that you can t have two El Nino years in a row El Nino s begin with the decline of winds pulling cold water away from South America s west coast to around the equator This allows warm water in the western Pacific Ocean to expand eastward toward the America s At the same time the clouds and rain over the warm water move eastward too Radar aboard the American French satellite detected the hint thatsuch water movement began in early August and reached South America two months later It saw a ripple called a Calvin wave moving slowly eastward Such pulses sometimes give rise to El Nino conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific El Nino s can change the weather around the world but how much depends on its strength A strong one in 1982 and 1983 has been linked to droughts in Australia and Indonesia rains and flooding in South America and unseasonably warm weather in much of the United States But even the mild El Nino that began in 1991 has caused trouble It has been associated with devastating floods in the US southeast last year and in the US midwest this year El Nino s are hard on the South American fishing industry The warm waters prevent nutrients rich cold water from rising to the surface causing fish stocks to become depletive Mr Jacker said a new El Nino apparently would be mild but he is not betting on it yet The US Naval oceanographer says predictions are difficult because the strength of El Nino depends on how winds affect the Calvin wave that has moved across the Pacific Part III Lick Observatory It s about an hour s drive from the outskirts of San Jose California near the upper side of the state s high technology region known as Silicon Valley As a visitor drives up the narrow winding road past red flowers and eucalyptus tr