英语写作---Coherence

Coherence 连贯性 连贯性 连贯性连贯性是指句中的成分之间具有含乎逻辑的有机联系 全句所表述 的思路清晰 使交际对方容易得到要领 Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts the train of thoughts flows smoothly in a logical sequence in a sentence from sentence to sentence from paragraph to paragraph Example John saw a handbag in a field He walked a cross the field and picked up the handbag He took the handbag to the police station and handed it in as lost property When he had done this he went home 这个语篇做到了紧凑连贯 这是因为四个句子表达的意义联系紧密 通过重复 handbag 延续主题发展 第四句this的照应对象是一个句 组 做到回应总结 通过代词指示做到语义连贯 第二 三 四句中的he与第一句的 John发生了照应关系 第三句的it与第一 二句的handbag是词汇复 现关系 A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear It is not coherent if it has confusing shifts in person and number or in voice tense and mood pronouns with ambiguous reference faulty parallel constructions dangling or misplaced modifiers Pronoun reference 句子中的代词应在数性和人称等方面保持一致 或者和它所对应的 名词词组保持一致 1 代词与先行词在数上不一致是一个常见的错误 Being a student we all wish to learn to write well One can never write effectively unless they write as much and as often as they can No matter what he is learning children all seem to follow what the alduts do 2 Ambiguousreference歧义指代歧义指代 a sentence contains more than one antecedent to which a pronoun may grammatically refer Faulty She told my sister that she was wrong Revised I m wrong she said to my sister She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister You re wrong she said to my sister My sister was told that she was wrong Faulty He was knocked down by a bicycle but it was not serious Revised He was knocked down by a bicycle but was not badly hurt Faulty I m going to the lecture on modern Chinese dramawith my friend because he is a dramatist I like Revised I m going to the lecture on modern Chinese dramawith my friend because the speaker is a dramatist I like 3 Weak reference the antecedent is implied or unspecified指代含 糊 or the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents In this case you should clearly state what is implied He s the author of a best selling book on sailing although he s never set foot on one I wished I had brought my raincoat for it had become colder and I needed it When the weather became colder I wished I had brought my raincoat for I needed it When he went by the dog pound 栏 they rushed to the fence and barked at him When he went by the dog pound the dogs rushed to the fence and barked at him 注意 句中起修饰作用的名词不可以作代词所指代的先行词 e g In John White s novel The Whites he describes the life of the immigrant family In his novel The Whites John White describes the life of the immigrant family Faulty A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds Revised A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds 平行结构 Parallelism一句话里往往出现两个或两个以上意思并列的一句话里往往出现两个或两个以上意思并列的 成分 这些成分应该保持平衡 成分 这些成分应该保持平衡 Collecting stamps playing chess and catching butterflies are Wary s hobbies 她既漂亮 又温柔 还勤俭持家 Parallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel constructions which give emphasis clarity and coherence to a sentence 不平行 non parallelism Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and to avoid sugar in your diet Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and avoiding sugar in your diet She is pretty tender and manages the household thriftily She is pretty tender and thrifty 善于使用平行结构 parallel construction Both and not but rather than not only but also as well as either or 等结构前后的语法形式必须一致 He believed neither in himself nor did he believe in others He believed neither in himself nor in others 平行的含义平行的含义 语法结构一致平行语法结构一致平行 语法结构 意义 语气语法结构 意义 语气 语法结构平行语法结构平行Parallel in structure Word to word phrase to phrase clause to clause sentence to sentence We have great faith and high hopes for her We have great faith in and high hopes for her To swim in a pool is not as much fun as swimming in a river To swim in a pool is not as much fun as to swim in a river The hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists than the natives The hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists than to the natives We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil but he knew very little about his own country We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil but who knew very little about his own country 意义 语气一致平行意义 语气一致平行 Parallel both in sense and mood voice etc The Spring Festival brings children care free happiness and grants people leisured refreshment The Spring Festival brings children care free happiness and grants adults parents leisured refreshment He was beaten and robbed and then they left him to die in the gutter He was beaten and robbed and left to die in the gutter If I were rich and she was single I would marry her If I were rich and she were single I would marry her Pay your taxes and you should be honest the imperative mood shifts to the indicative Pay your taxes and be honest misplaced modifiers 错位 英文句子的每个成分 如主语 谓语 宾语和状语 应在句中占有英文句子的每个成分 如主语 谓语 宾语和状语 应在句中占有 正确的位置 如果放错了位置 那么这句话不仅是个病句 而且很正确的位置 如果放错了位置 那么这句话不仅是个病句 而且很 可能造成意思上的误解 可能造成意思上的误解 People who watch television rarely read much We saw the monkeys driving down the highway 下面每句话能有两个或两个以上的含义 请把说出它的每一种意思 The lamb was too hot to eat The police were ordered to stop drinking in the park The monkeys amused the people in cages at the zoo A shark may attack a man that is hungry Misplaced words adverbs Be careful with almost even hardly merely nearly only etc Misplaced He nearly lost ten dollars last night Revised He lost nearly ten dollars last night On Sunday I almost walked to the park On Sunday I walked almost to the park If a modifier that can modify both the words that precede and follow it be careful The rain that the crops had needed badly damaged the roads Clear The rain that the crops had badly needed damaged the roads Clear The rain that the crops had needed damaged the roads badly She decided at that instant to quit he job Clear She decided to quit he job at that instant Clear At that instant she decided to quit he job Note these mentioned adverbs should immediately precede or be put close to the word they modify Misplaced phrases Most often it is the prepositional phrases that are misplaced The best rule to follow is to keep them away from words they must not be understood to modify The usual way is to put them right after the word they modify because they tend to refer to the word that comes immediately before them Misplaced I looked at the tree I had felled 砍倒 with my hands in my pocket With my hands in my pocket I looked at the tree I had felled 砍倒 Misplaced The family got together to eat mooncakes with the full moon Revised The family got together to eat mooncakes and appreciate the full moon Misplaced clauses Jane had a kitten in the house that ate birds In the house Jane had a kitten that ate birds One day the Queen gave Houyi a pill which can make people fly when he was in the mountain Kunlun One day when he was in the mountain Kunlun the Queen gave Houyi a pill which can make people fly 垂悬修饰语 dangling modifier 垂悬修饰语指在句中作状语却找不到逻辑主语的介词短语 非谓语垂悬修饰语指在句中作状语却找不到逻辑主语的介词短语 非谓语 动词短语 是常见的语病 动词短语 是常见的语病 On arriving the river the current was frightening Going through the red light the traffic police on duty stopped him Note It frequently occurs at the beginning of a sentence The introductory phrases always refer to the sentence s subject If the subject is not the word that the introductory phrase is meant to modify then the phrase dangles or hangs 1 While reading the doorbell rang While reading I heard the doorbell ring 2 Standing by the window the park opposite our house is in full view Standing by the window we can have a full view of the park opposite our house 3 From attending class the principles of chemistry were made clear From attending class we came to understand the principles of chemistry From our attending class the principles of chemistry were made clear 4 To develop a lively writing style all kinds of sentence structures should be used To develop a lively writing style the writer should use all kinds of sentence structures 5 When only three years old my father took me to a circus 马戏团 马戏团 When only three years old I was taken to a circus by my father When I was only three years old my father took me to a circus 6 Without shoes the tough stone cut the feet of the hikers 徒步旅 行者 The tough stone cut the feet of the barefooted hikers 7 At the age of six my grandmother died When I was six years old my grandmother died 注意注意 generally speaking judging b