高中重点语法

5922443 高中有什么重要的语法 时态 和重点单词么 上高一的我们需要多少单词量 答 重点语法 主要有定语从句 语态 时态 定语从句是定语从句是用一个句子来作定语修饰名词或代词 通常放在它所修饰的名词或 代词之后 这种名词或代词叫做先行词叫做先行词 引导定词从句的关联词为关系代词关系代词 which that who whom whose as 和关系副词和关系副词 when where why 关系代词在定语从句中可 用作主语 宾语 定语等 关系副词在定语从句中只是用作状语 eg 1 The student 先行词 who answered the question 主语 was John 2 I know the reason 先行词 why he was so angry 状语 定语从句注意事项 a one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数型动词 the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数型动词 The Great Wall is one of the world famous buildings that draw lots of visitors Titanic is the only one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood b What 不能用于定语从句中 被动语态的特殊情况 1 有些表示状态的及物动词 如 cost have own possess belong to 等不用于被动语态 Many good qualities are had by the students 错 应为 The students have many good qualities 2 所有带有不定式作宾补的动词 甚至包括感官动词 feel see hear watch notice listen to 及使役动词 make have 和动词在变为被动语态时 要加 to 如 I noticed him cross the street 主动态 被动态 He was noticed to cross the street They often help me clean the room I am often helped to clean the room 3 短语动词变为被动语态时 要注意保持短语动词的完整性 动词后面的原有的介词 和副词切不可遗漏 如 They sent for the doctor immediately The doctor was sent for immediately She ill take good care of the children The children will be taken good care of 动词的被动语态指的是由 助动词 动词的过去分词 构成 助动词要注意与主语的 人称和数一致 1 一般现在时的构成 am is are v ed 2 一般过去时 was were v ed 3 现在进行时 am is are being v ed 4 过去进行时 was were being v ed 5 现在完成时 has have been v ed 6 一般将来时 will shall be going to be v ed 7 过去完成时 had been v ed 8 过去将来时 would should be v ed 八种重点时态 一 一般现在时 一 一般现在时 概念 概念 经常 反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况 例例 He listens to the radio every evening 时间状语 时间状语 always usually often sometimes every week day year month once a week on Sundays etc 基本结构基本结构 be 动词 行为动词 否定形式 am is are not 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词 则在其前加 don t 如主 语为第三人称单数 则用 doesn t 同时还原行为动词 一般疑问句 把 be 动词放于句首 用助动词 do 提问 如主语为第三人称单数 则用 does 同时 还原行为动词 二 一般过去时 二 一般过去时 概念 概念 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 过去习惯性 经常性的动作 行为 例例 I was born on April 2 1986 时间状语 时间状语 ago yesterday the day before yesterday last week year night month in 1989 just now at the age of 5 one day once upon a time etc 基本结构 基本结构 be 动词 行为动词 否定形式 was were not 在行为动词前加 didn t 同时还原行为动词 一般疑问句 was 或 were 放于句首 用助动词 do 的过去式 did 提问 同时还原 行为动词 三 现在进行时三 现在进行时 概念 概念 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为 例例 The woman is talking to the doctor 时间状语 时间状语 now at this time these days etc 基本结构 基本结构 am is are doing 否定形式 am is are not doing 一般疑问句 把 be 动词放于句首 四 过去进行时 四 过去进行时 概念 概念 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作 例例 We were copying the new words this time yesterday 时间状语 时间状语 at this time yesterday at that time 或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的 时间状语等 基本结构 基本结构 was were doing 否定形式 was were not doing 一般疑问句 把 was 或 were 放于句首 五 现在完成时 五 现在完成时 概念 概念 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 或从过去已经开始 持 续到现在的动作或状态 例例 I have already finished my homework 时间状语时间状语 recently lately since for in the past few years etc 基本结构 基本结构 have has done 否定形式 have has not done 一般疑问句 have 或 has 放于句首 六 过去完成时 六 过去完成时 概念 概念 以过去某个时间为标准 在此以前发生的动作或行为 或在过去某动作之前完 成的行为 即 过去的过去 例例 The class had already begun when I came to school 时间状语 时间状语 before by the end of last year term month etc 基本结构 基本结构 had done 否定形式 had not done 一般疑问句 had 放于句首 七 一般将来时 七 一般将来时 概念 概念 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算 计划或准备做某事 例例 We are going to have a volleyball match tomorrow 时间状语 时间状语 tomorrow next day week month year soon in a few minutes by the day after tomorrow etc 基本结构 基本结构 am is are going to do will shall do 否定形式 am is are going not to do will shall not do 一般疑问句 be 放于句首 will shall 提到句首 八 过去将来时 八 过去将来时 概念 概念 立足于过去某一时刻 从过去看将来 常用于宾语从句中 例例 Did you ask Kate whether they would fly to Egypt 时间状语 时间状语 the next day morning year the following month week etc 基本结构 基本结构 was were going to do would should do 否定形式 was were not going to do would should not do 一般疑问句 was 或 were 放于句首 would should 提到句首 it 的用法 it 可用作人称代词 指示代词 先行词及引导词等 1 人称代词人称代词 it 是第三人称单数中性 代表前文已提到过的一件事物 如 是第三人称单数中性 代表前文已提到过的一件事物 如 1 That vase is valuable It s more than 200 years old 那个花瓶很珍贵 它有 200 多 年的历史 2 I love swimming It keeps me fit 我喜欢游泳 它能使我保持健康 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时 也可用 it 来表示 如 3 It s a lovely baby Is it a boy or a girl 宝宝真可爱 是男孩还是女孩 it 可用来指代团体 如 4 The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal 委员会已开过会 拒绝了 这项建议 it 用以代替指示代词 this that 如 5 What s this It s a pen 这是什么 是一支钢笔 6 Whose book is that It s Mike s 那是谁的书 是迈克的 2 指示代词指示代词 it 常用以指人 如 常用以指人 如 7 Go and see who it is 去看看是谁 8 Who is making such a noise 是谁发出这样的吵闹声 It must be the children 一定是孩子们 3 虚义虚义 it 无指代性 常用作没有具体意义的主语 出现于表示天气 气候 温度 无指代性 常用作没有具体意义的主语 出现于表示天气 气候 温度 时间 地点 距离等意义的句子中 如 时间 地点 距离等意义的句子中 如 9 It is half past three now 现在是三点半钟 10 It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here 这里离最近的医院也有六英里 11 It was very cold it snowed and grew dark 天气很冷 天下着雪 渐渐地变黑了 it 也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况 如 12 It s awful I ve got so much work I don t know where to start 糟透了 我有这么 多工作要做我不知从何开始 13 How is it going with you 你近况如何 14 Take it easy 不要紧张 it 也常用于下列结构 15 It looks as if the college is very small 看起来这个学院很小 16 It seems as though our plan will be perfect 似乎我们的计划很完善 17 It s my turn 该轮到我了 it 也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语 各该习惯用语有具体意义 但 it 并无具体意义 如 cab it 乘车 catch it 受责 受罚 come it 尽自己分内 come it strong 做得过分 walk it 步行 make it 办成 take it out of somebody 拿某人出气 4 先行词先行词 it it 充当形式主语或形式宾语 本身无意义 只起一种先行引导的作用 先行词不重 读 后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构 ing 分词结构或名词性从句 1 用作形式主语 18 It is difficult to translate this article 翻译这篇文章很难 19 It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living 懒汉谋生是日益困难 了 20 What time would it be most convenient for me to call again 什么时候我再给你打 电话最合适 21 It is no use going there so early 这么早去那里没有用 22 It has been a great honour your coming to visit me 你的来访是我很大的荣幸 23 It is strange that he did not come at all 真奇怪 他竟还没来 24 It doesn t matter what you do 什么都没关系 在上述诸例中 后置的真正主语可以取代先行 it 的位置 而出现于句首 To translate this article is difficult Going there so early is no use That he did not come at all is strange 上述结构远不如用先行 it 结构普通 此外 也并非所有先行 it 结构都可作上述转 换 如 25 It seems that John is not coming after all 似乎约翰终竟不来 26 It happened that John was the only witness 碰巧约翰是唯一的证人 上述两例只能转换为 John doesn t seem to be coming after all John happened to be the only witness 2 用作形式宾语 27 I found it difficult to explain to him what happened 我觉得向他解释清发生了什 么事很困难 28 He thought it no use going over the subject again 他认为再讨论这个问题没有 用了 29 They kept it quiet that he was dead 他们对他的死保密 30 We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution 我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染 5 分裂句引导词分裂句引导词 it 分裂句是以 it 为引导词的强调句型 它的结构形式是 It be 的一定形式 中心成 分 that who 从句 如 31 It was Jane that who called this morning 是珍妮今天上午打来电话 32 It was a parcel that she brought him 她带给他的是一个包裹 分裂句是由普通陈述句转换而来的 通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大 多数句子成分 如 33 John gave Mary a handbag at Christmas 约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包 根据上下文和语义意图 说话人可以通过分裂句分别强调主语 间接宾语 直接 宾语 状语 使之成为信息中心 34 It was John that who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas 是约翰在圣诞节给了玛 丽一个提包 35 It was Mary that John gave a handbag to at Christmas 约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽 提包的 36 It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas 约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一 个提包 37 It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag 是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一 个提包 分裂句的时态一般应一致 即主句与从句的时态应皆用现在时 或皆用过去时 或皆用将来时 如 38 It is not I who am angry 发怒的不是我 39 It was my two sisters who knew her best 是我的两个姐妹最了解她 40 It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this 对此须受责难的将不 是你 有时分裂句的谓语动词还可以采取复杂形式 如 41 It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag 可能是在圣诞节约 翰给玛丽一个提包 42 It might have been John who gave Mary a handbag 很可能是约翰给了玛丽一 个提包 分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分 如 43 It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang 是在她即将上床睡 觉时电话铃响了 44 It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday 我昨天 是由于想买一本词典而进城的 45 It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday 昨天汤姆是 直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的 注意句中 not 的位置 主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分 如在规范英语中通常不说 It is beautiful that she is It is chairman of the Committee that he is 但是宾语补语是可以这样用的 如 46 It is the chairman of the committee that they elected him 他们选他是作委员会 主席 47 It is green that they have painted the wall 他们把墙壁漆的是绿色 注 注 1 当强调的中心成分为主语 指人时可用连词 当强调的中心成分为主语 指人时可用连词 that 或或 who 如上述例 如上述例 31 34 38 强调其余的成分时 连词一律用 强调其余的成分时 连词一律用 that 2 分裂句中的 分裂句中的 that 与与 who 在非正式文体中可以省略 如 在非正式文体中可以省略 如 48 It was the President himself spoke to me 是总统亲自和我谈了话 省去从句 主语 who 49 It was the dog I gave the water to 我是给那条狗水的 省去从句的宾语 that 50 It was yesterday I first noticed it 我是昨天开始注意到的 省去从句连词 that 有时还可省去句首的 it is 如 51 A good honest trade you are learning Sir Peter 彼得爵士 你学得是一种很好 而诚实的一行啊 3 分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首 如 分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首 如 52 Now was it that his life was done and the fate which he could not escape was upon him 就在这时 他的生命完结了 他所逃不脱的命运降临了 53 When was it that he arrived at the village 是何时他到达了这个村子 54 Why was it that he was late for school 他是为什么上学迟到的 主谓一致 定义 所谓 主谓一致 就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支 配 这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处 主谓一致的种类 语法形式上的一致 主语为单数形式 谓语动词用单数形式 主语为复数形式 谓语动词为复数形式 如 I often help him and he often helps me 我经常帮助他 他经常帮助我 We often help each other and learn from each other 我们经常互相帮助 互相学习 意义上的一致 a 主语形式虽为单数 但意义为复数 谓语动词用复数 如 The crowd were surrounding the government official 人群包围住了这位政府官员 单数形式代表复数内容的词有 people police cattle 等 如 The Chinese people are brave and hard working 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳 b 主语形式为复数 而意义上却是单数 谓语动词用单数 如 Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860 远大前程 是查尔斯 狄更 斯 年所著 形复意单的单词有 news works 和一些以 s 结尾的书名 组织机构的名称 如 The Selected Poems of Li Bai the United States the United Nations 以及以 ics 结尾 的学科名称 如 physics politics maths economics 等 就近原则 就近原则即谓语动词的单 复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语 a 并列主语用连词 or either or neither nor not only but also 等连接 谓语应同相邻 的主语保持人称和数的一致 如 Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music 不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐 Are either you or he wrong 要么是你错 要么是他错吗 b 在 there be 表存在的句式中 主语是两个或多个名词 短语 的并列时 be 的形式 与最前边的一个名词 短语 一致 如 There is a pen two knives and several books on the table There are two knives a pen and several books on the table 桌子上有一支钢笔 两把小 刀和几本书 C 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中 必须认准哪是主语 如 Between the two buildings stands a monument 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑 On the ship were over 2 200 people More than 1 500 people lost their lives Among those was the young woman 船上有 2 2001 人 1 500 多人丧生 这位年轻妇女也在其中 倒装句 倒装句的定义 英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面 如果把谓语动词放在主语前面 就叫 做倒装 2 倒装句的构成 a 完全倒装 将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来 称之为完全倒装 例如 Are you from here 你是本地人吗 Now comes the chance 机会来了 b 部分倒装 只将助动词 系动词或情态动词移至主语之前 谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后 面 称之为部分倒装 例如 Has he come 他来了吗 Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here 我们难得像在这里这么舒服 Only in this way can we do the work better 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好 3 倒装的原因 a 句子语法结构的需要 例如 Did you attend the meeting 你参加会议了吗 Long live peace 和平万岁 b 一些句型的固定用法 例如 Such were his last words 他最后的话就是这样 c 强调的需要 倒装以后 句子更加流畅生动 例如 Never before have we seen such a sight 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景 Before us lay a lot of dif