语言学各章复习重点

Invitations to Linguistics 1 Give definitions for the following terms arbitrariness metalanguage phatic communion 2 Answer the following questions briefly 1 Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic Why 2 How is Saussure s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky s distinction between competence and performance How are they different from each other 3 As the night fell the wind rose Could this sentence be expressed As the wind rose the night fell If not why Does this indicate a non arbitrariness about word order 4 Does the traffic light system have duality why 5 Is the fact that linguistic signals do not normally serve any other type of purpose such as feeding a good reason to consider this signaling a unique property of human language 6 List five major functions of language and explain what they mean respectively Chapter 2 Phonetics 1 Answer the following questions briefly 1 Give a brief introduction to phonetics 2 Which of the following words end with voiceless V sounds and which end with voiced V sounds A crash B bang C smack D thud E wham F splat 3 How do the words surface and service differ phonetically 4 Give 2 examples for each of the following terms voiced Sounds voiceless Sounds plosives front vowels diphthongs Notes Please remember the Table 2 1 on page 44 and Table 2 3 on page 52 Chapter 3 Phonology 3 Give definitions for the following terms phoneme allophone minimal pairs syllable 4 Answer the following questions briefly 1 How are phonetics and phonology related to and different from each other 2 Which segments are most likely to be affected by elision in the pronunciation of the following words A postman B government C sandwich D pumpkin 3 Mary is washing the dishes Write 3 different stresses for the sentence and explain the difference in meaning 4 What s the difference between an open and a closed syllable Chapter 4 Words and word formation processes 1 Define the following terms Lexeme derivation inflection affix loanword acronym 2 Comment on the following viewpoint briefly Word is a minimum free form 3 List five word formation processes 3 Give five examples of onomatopoeic words 4 Give five examples of acronyms 5 Give an inflectional ending to the following words table open whisper stand book 6 Change the word class of the following words using derivations short prison wise play help 7 Give the abbreviations for the following words advertisement bicycle mathematics professor information minivan Chapter 5 Morphology 1 Define the following terms morphology morpheme free morpheme bound morpheme allomorph 2 List the bound morphemes to be found in these words misleads previewer shorten 3 Add an inflectional affix to the following words run display manage flower part 3 Draw a tree diagram to show the relationship among the following terms morpheme free morpheme bound morpheme bound root affix derivational morpheme inflectional morpheme Chapter 6 Syntax 1 Define or explain the following terms syntax immediate constituent analysis FSP 5 Change the following sentences to be less ambiguous i The man is too heavy to move ii Flying planes can be dangerous 6 Who distinguished syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations What do they refer to respectively 7 Who put forward the IC analysis List two problems in IC analysis 8 Who is the most important advocator of transformational generative grammar Why is it named transformational generative grammar 9 IC analysis Chapter 7 Semantics 1 Define or explain the following terms semantics conceptual meaning reference synonymy antonymy homonymy hyponymy 2 Give a brief introduction to the classic semantic triangle 3 Explain the phenomenon of semantic ambiguity with examples 4 What is antonymy What are the three major types of antonyms 5 What is the basic lexical relation between the following pairs of words a shallow deep b mature ripe c table furniture d single married e move run a antonymy b synonymy c hyponymy d antonymy e hyponymy Chapter 8 Pragmatics 1 How is pragmatics related to and different from semantics 2 Which maxim of CP is violated flouted respectively in the following conversations A Would you like to come to our party tonight B I m afraid I m not feeling so well today A The hostess is an awful bore Don t you think B The roses in the garden are beautiful aren t they 3 If you ask somebody Can you open the door he answers Yes but does not actually do it what would you be your reaction Why Try to see it in the light of speech act theory 4 What is speech act theory Give examples to demonstrate it 5 What is CP How does the violation of its maxim give rise to conversational implicatures Chapter 9 Language culture and thought 1 What is sociolinguistics When did it become an independent branch of linguistics 2 Comment on the following sentences Language marks