专业英语(医电专用)期末考试复习资料

医疗仪器导论 英 Introduction to Medical Equipment Technology 主讲教师 朱祯敏 医用电子信息系 Key words and concepts C1 Each body system s name and its basic functionANS and CNS ANS 自主神经系统 Autonomic Nervous System CNS 中枢神经系统 Homeostasis BMETs are highly skilled technicians responsible for ensuring medical equipment is deemed serviceable safe and properly configured to meet the mission of a hospital organization These men and women are responsible for installing inspecting repairing calibration preventive maintenance education and modification of biomedical equipment and support systems Examples of different areas of biomedical equipment technology are Radiographic and flouroscopic x ray Diagnostic ultrasound LASERs Mammography Telemedicine Film image processing Nuclear Medicine Gamma cameras Positron emission tomography PET Medical imaging Computed Tomography CT Electronmicroscope Picture archiving and communication systems PACS Magnetic Resonance Imaging instrument MRI scanner Physiological monitoring Sterilization Dental Optometry Surgical Anesthesia Laboratory Dialysis Respiratory Services ventilators Computers and Information Technology Radiographic and flouroscopicx ray X 线照相术 Mammography 乳房影像 iagnostic ultrasound 诊断用超声 Photo courtesy Philips Research 3D ultrasound images LASER 激光 Laser Burn Debridement Procedure Nuclear Medicine 核医学 Nuclear medicine imaging techniques give doctors another way to look inside the human body The techniques combine the use of computers detectors and radioactive substances These techniques include Positron emission tomography PET Single photon emission computed tomography SPECT Cardiovascular imaging Bone scanning Methods of Radioactive Decay 放射性衰变的方式 Gamma camera 伽马照相机 肺 胸腔 心室 Gamma camera 伽马照相机 准直器 探测晶体 光电倍增管 铅板 Gamma camera 伽马照相机 Positron emission tomography PET 正电子发射体层摄影 A positron emission tomography PET image is a photograph of high energy raysemitted from a positron emitting radioisotope PET 脑 PET 充盈心肌 PET 缺血心肌 Computed Tomography CT X 射线计算机断层摄影 A CT computed tomography scan is a much more sensitive imaging technique than x ray allowing high definition of not only the bony structures but also the soft tissues Clear images of organs and structures such as the brain muscles joints veins and arteries as well as of tumors and hemorrhages n 出血 may be obtained with or without the injection of contrasting dye CT 肾 Computed Tomography CT X 射线计算机断层摄影 Imagean object from many different directionsUse a computer to calculate the interior structure of that object from these projected images MRI 脑 Magnetic Resonance Imaging instrument MRI scanner 核磁共振仪 An MRI magnetic resonance imaging of the brain creates a detailed image of the complex structures in the brain An MRI creates a three dimensional picture of the brain which allows doctors to more precisely locate problems such as tumors or aneurysms n 动脉瘤 An Intravenous X Ray pyelogram IVP 静脉注射肾盂造影 is a conventional x ray test using dyeto examine This x ray allows visualization of the upper and lower urinary tract todetermine the presence of any abnormality CT CT scanning is essentially a detailed X ray of the body CT shows cross sections of the body and allows your doctor to see details of the anatomythat would not be seen on regular x ray MRI MRIis more sensitive than CTscanning CT and MRI have the added benefitof detecting enlarged lymph nodes near the tumors which can suggest that a cancer has spread metastasized to the lymph nodes MRI 与 CT 相比较的各自优缺点 MRI 的缺点 钙化及骨病灶不能显示 扫描时间一般较长 每日能检查的人数较 CT 少 上腹部 MRI 仍存在运动伪影干扰 体内有磁性金属物者不能检查 价格昂贵 MRI 的优点 无放射线损害 迄今也未见有 MRI 对人体产生损伤的报道 软组织密度分辨率高于 CT 而空间分辨率也可与 CT 相媲美 直径小于 2 厘米的胰癌也能发现 可直接作任意的 切层扫描 成像参数及方法多 所获得诊断信息较 CT 丰富 一般无需作增强扫描 近年 采用的一种特殊的 MRI 增强剂 Gd DT PA 以增强病灶的信号对比 且无潜在危险的 碘过敏反应 借助于质子的流动效应 可清晰显示血管 尤其是运用数字减影原理可作 MRI 血管造影 无骨性伪影 对颅窝病变的诊断比 CT 优越得多 MRI 与 CT 相比较的各自优缺点 CT 的优点 钙化及骨病灶能显示 扫描时间一般较短 每日能检查的人数较 MRI 多 上腹部不存在运动伪影干扰 体内有磁性金属物者能检查 价格便宜 CT 的缺点 软组织密度分辨率低于 MRI 成像参数及方法少 所获得诊断信息较较 MRI 少 有骨性伪影 对颅窝病变的诊断比 MRI 差得多 有放射线损害 Borsook et al Nature Reviews Drug Discovery advance online publication published online 07 April 2006 doi 10 1038 nrd2027 Magnetic resonance images MRI are used to take pictures of and study the brain PET positron emission tomography scans show brain activity and chemicals show how transmitters function Telemedicine 远程医疗 The defining aspect of telemedicine is the use of electronic signals to transfer nformation from one site to another C1 The Human Body An Overview 人体概述 Objectives List major systems of the body Describe the principal functions of body systems Describe how the body controls and regulates itself State the relationships among body systems 列出人体的主要组成系统 描述人体各组成系统的基本功能 描述人体如何进行自我调控 阐述人体各组成系统之间的关系 学习目标 C1 The Human Body An Overview 人体概述 Text Notes 1 Feedback Control System The body contains literally hundreds of feedback control systems that attempt to keep the body s internal environment constant This process is called homeostasis 1 反馈控制系统 确切地说 人体含有数百个反馈控制系统用以维持其内环境稳定 该过程称为体内平衡 C1 The Human Body An Overview 人体概述 Text Notes 2 The Cell All mammals including humans are made up of basic building blocks called cells They are all similar in their basic constituents 2 细胞 包括人类在内的所有哺乳动物都是由基本结构单元 称作细胞 构成的 不同的细胞的基 本组成要素却是相似的 Text Notes 3 Cell Membrane The cell is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane This membrane not only contains the substance of the cell but also allows selective passage of materials in and out of the cell 3 细胞膜 细胞由半透膜包裹 该膜结构不仅能容纳细胞自身物质 同时还可实现细胞内外的物质选 择性透过 C1 The Human Body An Overview 人体概述 100 0 The imbalance is maintained because the membrane is impermeable to that ion Diffusion 50 50 ions diffuse across the membrane because it is permeable Equilibrium is reached Selective PermeabilityTwo kinds of ions The membrane is impermeable to both Semipermeable permeable to only one kind of ion but is impermeable to the other 4 Musculoskeletal System The muscles and bones of the body provide locomotion i e theability to move around and manipulate our surroundings The skeletal system consists mostly ofbones and some cartilage Thebones are joined together to form articulations and joints and so are able to move with respect toeach other Ingeneral musculesare connected between bones across a joint sothat the bones move with respect to each other when the muscle contracts 4 肌肉与骨骼系统 肌肉和骨骼可使人体产生运动 即 能够自由移动 改造自然的能力 其中骨骼系统主 要由骨骼和一些软骨构成 且骨骼连接在一起形成关节以进行协同运动 而肌肉一般跨过 关节附着在骨骼之上 因此肌肉收缩便会产生骨骼协同运动 5 Respiratory System The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and gives off carbon dioxide waste products from the cells The respiratory system includes the mouth nose trachea or windpipe bronchi and lungs 5 呼吸系统 呼吸系统从外界摄取氧气并排出细胞产生的二氧化碳废气 呼吸系统由嘴 鼻腔 气管 支气管和肺构成 We need to get oxygen into the blood from the air and we need to remove waste carbon dioxide from the blood into the air Moving gases like this is called gas exchange The alveoliare adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently 6 Gastrointestinal System The GI system takes in raw materials in the form of food and liquids and pocesses them so that they are absorbed into the body Certain digestive organs are needed to chemically and physically process these raw materials the liver gall bladder salivary glands pancreas stomach and intestinal tract The system includes the mouth esophagus stomach small intestine and large intestine 6 肠胃 消化 系统 肠胃 消化 系统对食物和液体中的未经加工的物质进行消化 以便机体吸收 包括肝脏 胆囊 唾液腺 胰腺 胃和肠道在内的多个消化器官对食物进行化学性和物理性消化 消 化系统由口腔 食道 胃 小肠和大肠构成 7 Nervous System The nervous system is essential to the functioning of the human organism Itregulates our automatic control systems integratesand assimilates data from the outside world and our internal organs andregulates and controls the locomotorsystem The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the automatic subconsciousfunctions of the body The sensory nervous system receives data from the outside world and certain internal organs through cells that function as sensory receptors The central nervous system CNS gathers assimilates andintegrates data from the outside world informationon the state of internal organs etc 7 神经系统 神经系统是人体机能活动的基本要素 它能调节我们的自主控制 系统 整合吸收外界和体内器官的信息数据 并调控运动系统 自主 植物性 神经系统负责调节人体的自主下意识机能 感觉神经系统通过感受器细胞接收外界和某些体内器官的信息数据 中枢神经系统搜集 吸收并整合外界数据以及体内器官状态信息等等 8 Endocrine System The endocrine system is a chemical communications control system and aids in the regulation of internal body Chemicals called hormones are secreted by the eight major endocrine glands into the bloodstream in which they act as control agents to regulate various organic functions 8 内分泌系统 内分泌系统作为一个化学性通信调节系统 能有效进行体内调节 八大主要内分泌腺分泌 化学物质 名为荷尔蒙 进入血流 继而荷尔蒙便作为控制剂来调节多种组织功能 Endocrine Disruptor 松果体肾上腺 Text Notes 9 Negative Feedback Control SystemAny negative feedback control systemcompares actualconditions with optimalconditions those that should exist and then causes a correction that cancels part of the difference or error i e the difference between the actual and the optimal 9 负反馈控制系统 任何负反馈控制系统都会将实际响应同理想响应 即理论上应当出现 之间对比 然后调 节系统以减少该差值或误差 即实际响应同理想响应间的差值 10 Blood Pressure Regulation A phenomenon often used as an example of a physiological control system is the automatic regulation of blood pressure Pressure sensors in the circulatory system called baroreceptors tell the CNS of the conditions that exist If the pressure drops below a certain normal point then the brain issues a command that causes the blood vessels to constrict which brings the pressure up But if the pressure increases above a normal point then the brain causes the vessels to dilate i e increase their cross sectional area thereby reducing the pressure on the system 10 血压调节 血压的自动调节是生理控制系统的一个典型例子 压力感受器将循环系统现状反馈至中枢 神经系统 若该血压低于正常值 大脑便会指示血管收缩 继而提高血压 但若血压高于 正常值 大脑则会指示血管舒张 即 扩大横截面积 进而减小系统压力 alveoli n 肺泡 artery n 动脉 atrium n 心房 articulation n 关节 bronchii n 支气 bladder n 膀胱 baroreceptor n 压力感受器 cytoplasm n 细胞质 cartilage n 软骨 capillary n 毛细血管 constrict v 收缩 chyme n 食糜 dilate v 舒张 膨胀 excretion n 排泄 esophagus n 食道 endocrine n 内分泌 gastrointestinal adj 胃肠的 homeostasis n 动态平衡 hormone n 荷尔蒙 激素 irritability n 兴奋性 joint n 关节 jaw n 颌 kidney n 肾脏 lymph n 淋巴 locomotion n 运动 metabolism n 新陈代谢 mitosis n 有丝分裂 nucleus n 核 pancreas n 胰腺 physiology n 生理学 receptor n 感受器 reproduction n 繁殖 saliva n 唾液 secretion n 分泌 物 subconscious adj 下意识的 servomechanism n 自动控制装置 trachea n 气管 urethra n 尿道 vein n 静脉 ventricle n 心室 vessel n 脉管 导管 windpipe n 气管 C1 The Human Body An Overview 人体概述 autonomic nervous system 自主 植物性 神经系统 central nervous system 中枢神经系统 cell division 细胞分裂 circulatory system 循环系统 extracellular fluid 细胞外液 feedback control system 反馈控制系统 fecal material 排泄物 gastrointestinal GI system 胃肠系统 gall bladder 胆囊 gastric juice 胃液 genetic coding 遗传密码 intracellular fluid 细胞内液 internal environment 内环境 intestinal tract 肠道 locomotor system 运动系统 large intestine 大肠 musculoskeletal system 骨 骼肌系统 negative feedback loop 负反馈循环 peristaltic wave 蠕动波 red blood cell 红细 semipermeable membrane 半透膜 salivary gland 唾液腺 small intestine 小肠 sensory nervous system 感觉神经系统 spinal cord 脊髓 C2 The Heart and Circulatory System 心脏与循环系统 Objectives State biological principles behind cardiovascular system Describe the anatomy of the heart Describe the dynamics of blood flow Explain the generation and propagation of bioelectric potentials in tissue Describe the internal electroconduction system of the human heart 阐述心血管系统生理结构 描述心脏解剖结构 描述血流动力学原理 解释组织内生物电位的产生和传播过程 描述人体心脏的内部电传导 系统 学习目标 Text Notes 1 Dual Pump The heart is a dual pump consisting of a two chamberedpump on both the left and right sides The upper chambers are inputs to the pumps and are called atria singular atrium The lower chambers of the heart are called ventricles and are pump outputs 1 双泵 心脏是由左右两间隔部分组成的一个双泵系统 其上部腔室作 为泵的输入部分 称为心房 而下部腔室作为泵的输出部分 称为心室 C2 The Heart and Circulatory System 心脏与循环系统 HEART VALVE 2 Blood Blood has two main components cells and plasma Blood cells make up approximately 40 of the total blood volume and the remaining 60 is plasma Since approximately 99 of the cells are red cells it may be said that 40 of the blood volume consists of red cells 2 血液 血液由两大要素组成 血细胞和血浆 血细胞约占血液总容积的 40 而血浆约占 60 由于 99 的血细胞是红细胞 因此也可以说血液容积的 40 是红细胞 C2 The Heart and Circulatory System 心脏与循环系统 Text Notes 3 Blood flow Blood flow rate measured in volume per unit of time in a blood vessel is described by two factors the pressure difference along the vessel and the resistanceoffered by the vessel a function of its cross sectional area Note that The resistance is not constant Since that flow quantity is directly proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius blood flow rate is greatest in aortaand least in the capillaries 3 血流 血管内的血液流率 以单位时间内流过的体积计 由两因素决定 沿血管走向的压力差 和血管内阻力 为血管横截面积的函数 注意 血管内阻力并非常数值 流量与血管半径的四次方成正比 因而主动脉中的血液流率最大 而 毛细血管中的流率最小 At the center of the circulatory system is the heart This muscle the size of a fist keeps blood moving throughout the body The circulatory system allows blood to be transported throughout the body The blood moves from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen then back to the heart to be pumped throughout the body 4 The Heart The heart serves as a pump because of its ability to contract under an electrical stimulus When an electrical triggering signal is received the heart will contract starting in the atria which undergo a shallow ripplelike contracting motion Afraction of a second later the ventricles also begin to contract from thebottom up in a motion that resembles wringing out a dishrag or sponge The ventricular contraction is known as systole The ventricular relaxation is known as diastole 4 心脏 在电刺激下心脏能够收缩 因而它充当血泵在工作 当接收到电触发信号时 心脏 始于 心房 便产生小波纹样的收缩运动 不到一秒钟后 心室自下而上开始收缩 犹如拧抹布 或海绵 心室收缩称作心缩 而心室舒张称作心舒 C2 The Heart and Circulatory System 心脏与循环系统 Theventricularcontractionisknownassystole Theventricularrelaxationisknownasdiastole Text Notes 5 Bioelectricity Difference of ion concentration creating an electrical potential and this causes the cell to be polarized The inside of the cell is less positivethan the outside so the cell is said to be negativewith respect to its outside 5 生物电 离子浓度差产生电位 因而使细胞极化 细胞内较之细胞外正电荷少 因此说细胞的极化 状态为内负外正 C2 The Heart and Circulatory System 心脏与循环系统 Na red K blue or sodium potassium pump 钠钾泵 Text Notes 6 Cell Potential The cell showing a resting potential is polarized butwhen it is generating an action potential itis said to be depolarized Thereis a refractory period following depolarization duringwhich the cell becomes repolarized Inthis period the cell is resistant to another depolarization Andthis action might resemble the monostablemultivibrator theaction potential oncetriggered cannotbe retriggered until the cell has again become repolarized 6 细胞电位 细胞极化状态时呈现的是静息电位 而当其产生动作电位时 称为去极化状态 去极化的 细胞会产生一个不应期 在此期间内细胞发生复极化 不应期内细胞不会重新被去极化 这好比单稳多谐振荡器 一旦细胞被触发产生动作电位 则其复极化之前不会响应其他任 何触发 7 Electroconduction System The SA node serves as a pacemakerfor the heart andit provides the trigger signal When the SA node discharges a pulse thenelectrical currentspreads across the atria causingthem to contract Blood in the atria is forced by the contraction through the valves to the ventricles It would not be desirable for the ventricles to contract in response toan action potential before the atria are empty of their contents TheAV node then operateslike a delay line to retard the advance of the action potentialalong the internal electroconduction system toward the ventricles 7 电传导系统 窦房结作为心脏的起搏点 为心脏搏动提供触发信号 当窦房结释放起搏脉冲后 便会有 电流流经心房 继而引发心房收缩 因而促使心房内的血液通过瓣膜进入心室 等到心房 内血液完全排空后心室才在动作电位的影响下开始收缩 所以在心房收缩和心室收缩之间 需要有一段延迟 这便是房室结的功效 房室结犹如延迟线 延缓了动作电位沿体内电传 导系统传至心室 8 ECG The contraction of so many muscle cells at one time creates a mass electrical signal that can be detected by electrodes placed on the surface of the patient s chest or the patient s extremities This electrical discharge can be mechanically plotted as a function of time and the resultant waveform is called an electrocardiogram ECG 8 心电图 众多心肌细胞同时收缩而产生的电信号能够被放置于病人胸腔或肢 干末端的电极所检测到 而心电图正是人为地描画出这一放电过程 随时间变化的波形图 9 Differential Pressure The pressure in the atriadoes not actually cause the transfer of blood from the atria to ventricles Valveopenings which allow blood transfer are due mostly to changes in differential pressure During diastolethe pressure in the ventricles drops to less than the atrial pressure This causes the valves to open allowing blood to be drawn into the ventricles under the influence of the pressure difference 9 压力差 实际上并非心房内压力促使血液从心房流入心室 掌控血液流动的瓣膜 其开闭主要由压 力差决定 在舒张期内心室内压力低于心房内压力 使得瓣膜打开 依靠压力差促使血液 流入心室 10 Heart Problems If the heart is not perfused well by blood the damage is referred to as a myocardial infarction MI another term for heart attack Another class of heart problem is cardiac arrhythmias These are abnormal heartbeat rhythms and may be seen as ECG changes Conditions under this classification include extremes in heart rate prematurecontractions heart block and fibrillation 10 心脏疾病 如果心脏的血液灌注不足 则会出现心肌梗塞 即我们常说的心脏病发作 另一类心脏疾 病是心律不齐 这种异常心跳可通过心电图的变化检测到 心律不齐主要包括 心动过速 或过缓 先期收缩 心传导阻滞和颤动等 Atrial Fibrillation Ventricular Fibrillation Technical Words for example the output over input signal ratio gain of an amplifier 7 分贝计数法 分贝就是表征两个信号级之比的一种对数表示法 例如 其可表示一个放大器的输出 输入 信号比 即增益 For voltage 1dB 20log Vo Vin For current 1dB 20log Io Iin For power 1dB 10log Po Pin Technical Words 2 Application errors 3 Characteristic errors 4 Dynamic errors 5 Environmental errors 3 传感器误差源 虽然本书并未囊括所有可能产生的误差 但可将误差大致分为以下五种基本类型 插入误 差 应用误差 特性误差 动态误差和环境误差 3 1 Insertion errors This class of error occurs during the act of inserting the sensor into the system being measured This is a general problem withelectronic measurements indeed with all measurements Possible sources of this form of error include using a transducer that is too large for the system one that is too sluggishfor the dynamics of the system or one that self heats to the extent thatexcessive thermal energy is added to the system 3 1 插入误差 廸在被测系统中插入传感器便会产生插入误差 这是包括电子测量在内的所有测量中的一 个普遍问题 廸产生插入误差的原因包括 所用换能器尺寸过大 换能器动态响应过缓和 换能器产热过多而影响被测系统 3 2 Application errors These errors are caused by the operator Examples se