欧洲文化入门-名词解释

欧洲文化入门 名词解释 1 Pax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平罗马帝国统治下的和平 In the Roman history there came two hundred years of peaceful time which was guaranteed 保证 by the Roman legions it was known as Pax Romana 2 The New Testament 新约新约 The Bible was divided into two sections the Old Testament and the New Testament The New Testament is about the doctrine 教义 of Jesus Christ The word Testament means agreement the agreement between God and Man 3 Pentateuch 摩西五经摩西五经 The Old Testament consists of 39 books the oldest and most important of which are the first five books called Pentateuch Pentateuch contains five books Genesis 创世记 Exodus 出埃及记 Leviticus 教义记 Numbers 逃亡记 Deuteronomy 摩西遗言记 4 Genesis 起源起源 Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch it tells about a religious account 描述 of the origin of the Hebrews people including the origin of the world and of man the career 经历 of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph 5 The Historical Books 史书史书 was divided into seven sections Books of Joshua Books of Judges Books of Samuel Books of Kings Books of the Chronicles Books of Ezra Books of Nehemiah 6 the Middle ages 中世纪中世纪 In European history the thousand year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times To be specific 具体说来 from the 5th century to 15th century The transitional 过渡时期 period is called the middle ages between ancient times and modern times 7 Feudalism 封建主义封建主义 Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding 土地所有 a system of holding land in exchange for military service 军事力量 The word feudalism was derived 来源 from the Latin feudum a grant 许可的 of land 8 code of chivalry 骑士制度骑士制度 As a knight he were pledged to protect the weak to fight for the church to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth These rules were known as code of chivalry from which the western idea of good manners developed 9 Gothic 哥特式哥特式 The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe It lasted from the mid 12th to the end of 15th century and in some areas into the 16th More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history The Gothic was an outgrowth 丰富与发展 of the Romanesque 罗马式 10 The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse 压头韵 Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle Engli Renaissance 名词解释 11 Renaissance 文艺复兴文艺复兴 Generally speaking Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century The word Renaissance means revival 复兴 specifically in this period of history revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture Renaissance in essence 从实质上讲 was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts 试图 to get rid of conservatism 保守主义思想 in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie 资 产阶级 to lift the restrictions 禁忌 in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities 权利威信 Generally speaking Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings sculpture 雕 塑 and architecture 最早开始于 painting Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets scholars artists and sculptors 雕塑家 12 Renaissance Art 文艺复兴艺术文艺复兴艺术 A radical 根本的 break with medieval 中古的 methods of representing the visible 可见的 world occurred 发生 in Italy during the second half of the 13th century It was not until the second decade 十年 of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition 田园式风格 13 Reformation 革新革新 The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as 同时 a socio political 社会政治 movement It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg 机智 his 95 thesis 论题 This movement which swept over 席卷了 the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing 反对 the absolute authority 权威 of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing 代替 it with the absolute authority of the Bible The reformists 改革者 engaged 使用 themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues 宗教改革的实质是 反对罗马天主教 直接形式是用母语翻译圣经 14 Calvinism 加尔文主义加尔文主义 Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance Presbyterian government 长老会 Only those specially elected by God can be saved 上帝的选民 This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path 有助于资本主义的兴起 15 Counter Reformation 反宗教改革反宗教改革 By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle 坐以待毙 They mustered 召集 their forces the dedicated 专用的 Catholic groups to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements 改良 to bring back its vitality 活力 This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter Reformation 16 the laws of gravitation 万有引力的内容 万有引力的内容 the sun the moon the earth the planets and all the other bodies 天体 in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force which is call gravitation 17 Inductive method 归纳法归纳法 Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century Induction means reasoning 推理 from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion 从特殊推 一般 Induction was put over against Deductive method 18 洛克洛克 All our ideas are ultimately 最后 derived from sensation 感受 or from reflection 反思 and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well 19 Theory of Knowledge 认知论认知论 Descartes employed 使用 methodic doubt 置疑方法论 with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable 不容置疑的 truth I doubt therefore I think I think therefore I am Doubting is thinking thinking is the essence of the mind 精髓所 在 Descartes believed that they are not dependable 置疑是不可 的 20 Descartes s Dualism 二元论二元论 Thought 思维 was the foundation of all knowledge 认知 while the senses might deceive 欺骗 us This is idealist 唯心主义者 The external 外部 world existed 存在 which was independent 无关 of the human mind This is materialist 不以人的意识为转移 21 Classicism 新古典主义新古典主义 Classicism implies 意味着 the revival 复苏 of the forms and traditions of the ancient world a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival 并非古 典主义的复苏 It intended to produce a literature French to the core 以法语为中心 which was worthy of 与 相媲美 Greek and classical ideals This neoclassicism 新古典主义 reached its climax in France in the 17th century 代表 莫里哀和德国的歌德 席勒 22 Rationalism 理性主义理性主义 was believed to be able to discover the best principles 原则 of human conduct 行为 and the universal 通用的 principles of natural laws Here Descartes provided 提供的 the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism 新古典主义 23 Baroque Art 巴洛克艺术巴洛克艺术 承上启下的 法国新古典主义时期重要的 艺术形式 Baroque Art flourished first in Italy and then spread to Spain Portugal France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands 荷兰 in the North It was characterized by dramatic intensity 强烈的艺术性 and sentimental appeal 哀婉的格调 with a lot of emphasis on light and colour 强烈的明暗对比 24 Enlightenment 启蒙运动启蒙运动 Enlightement was an intellectual 知识分子 movement originating in France which attracted 吸引 widespread 普遍的 support 支持 among the ruling 统治阶级 and intellectural classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century It characterizes the efforts 作用 by certain European writers to use critical reason 批评推理 to free minds from prejudice 偏见 unexamined authority 权威 and oppression 压迫 by Church or State 国家政权 Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason 理智的年代 25 The theory of the separation of powers 三权分立理论三权分立理论 was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws He believed that the legislative 立法 executive 行政 and judicial 司法 powers must be confided 托付 to different individuals acting independently 独立的行为 The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U S Constitution 三权分立的 思想被美国宪法所接受 27 The Musical Enlightenment 音乐启蒙运动音乐启蒙运动 By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely 完全 rationalized 理性化 It came to its richest fruition 高潮 in the works of Bach 巴 赫 and Handel 亨德尔 Bach and Handel represented a trend 趋势 towards greater regularity 规律性 of style in the clearly defined types and forms in a series 系列 of standardized formulas 公式 28 Romanticism 浪漫主义浪漫主义 Romanticism was a movement in literature philosophy music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement 狂飙运动 in Germany Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations 灵感 above those of society As a reaction 反应 to the industrial revolution 工业革命 it looked to 承上启下 the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature 与大自然的直接接触 for inspiration 灵感 Romanticism gave impetus 动力支持 to the national liberation movement 民族解放运动 in 19th century Europe 29 Byronic hero 拜伦式英雄拜伦式英雄 Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero 30 Romantic Music 浪漫主义音乐浪漫主义音乐 承前启后的年代音乐家是重点 The Romantic Movement in music dominated 统治 the period about 1830 to about 1900 It was merely part of a general movement which all over Europe especially in Germany and France affected 感染着 all arts The Romantic Music is divided into two periods The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven Schubert Chopin Schumann and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky 31 达尔文的进化论达尔文的进化论 Darwin s theory of evolution contains four major arguments new species appear 新物种的发现 those new species have evolved 进化 from older species The evolution of species is result 导致 of natural selection The natural selection depends on variations 变异 and the maintenance 保护 of variations in spite of 不管 the tendency 趋势 of natural selection to eliminate 消除 unfit 不适当的 variants Natural selection 名词解释 32 社会达尔文主义社会达尔文主义 Social Darwinism For the term natural selection Spencer substituted 替代 the survival of the fittest 适者 生存 33 Realism 现实主义现实主义名词解释 In art and literature the term realism is used to identify 区 分 a literary movement in Europe and the United States 选 in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century But the practice 应用 of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times This is fundamentally 根本的 the difference between romanticism and realism In Europe the Realist movement arose 起源于 in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France It centred in the novel 侧重于小说的创 作 and lay emphasis on fidelity 准确的 to actual experience 用现实主义创作现实 34 印象主义印象主义 Impressionism 艺术的表现形式 名词解释 Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century It was most pervasive 普及 in painting but it was also found in literature and art 在文学与艺术中也 可发现他的踪影 The term impressionism first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio 工作室 by a group of young painters It was taken directly from the title of Monet s 莫纳 Impression Sunrise 日出印象 35 后印象主义后印象主义 Post Impressionism During the 2nd half of the 19th century French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past and created a form of art that was to affect 影响 nearly every ambitious 有雄心的 artist in the Western world Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion and temperament 气质 36 现代主义现代主义 Modernism Modernism was a complex and diverse 复杂多样的 international movement in all the creative arts 创造性艺术 originating about the end of the 19th century It provided 出 现 the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century It was made up of many facets 方面 such as symbolism surrealism 超现实主义 cubism 立体主义 expressionism futurism 未来主义 ect 37 The Ego and Id 自我与本我自我与本我 Id 本我本我 Freud divided human personality into three functional parts Id Ego and Superego The Id is the container 容器 of the instinctual urges 本能的主张 It is the unconscious 无意识的 part of mind which seeks 查找 immediate 即刻的 satisfaction of desires 欲 望 Id is concerned with what a person wants to do Ego 自我自我 Freud divided human personality into three functional parts Id Ego and Superego Ego is the rational 理性的 thoughtful 深思的 realistic personality process It is characterized by a desire for independence 独立的 autonomy 自发的 and self direction Ego is concerned with ability Freud divided human personality into three functional parts Id Ego and Superego Superego 超我超我 is the idealized 理想化的 image that a person builds of himself in response 反映 响应 to authority 权威 and social pressures 压力 38 俄狄浦斯情结 俄狄浦斯情结 Oedipus Complex Oedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy in which King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother Oedipus Complex was established by Freud 39 迷失的一代 迷失的一代 The Lost generation The Lost generation refers to a group of young intellectuals 知识分子 who came back from war were injured 受伤害 both physically 身体上 and mentally 精神上 They lived by indulging 放任 themselves in the Bohemian 波西米亚 way of life Their American dream was disillusioned 破灭了 The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway 40 垮掉的一代 垮掉的一代 The Beat Generation The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters 儿童 who refused to accept respectability and conventional 传统的 social behaviour and who cultivated 培养 a rootless manner of living The distinctive features 有特色的特征 of the Beat Generation is that they used a special slang language and loved jazz The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsberg s Howl 嚎叫 and Jack Keroual s on the road 41 年轻愤怒的一代 年轻愤怒的一代 Angry Young Men Angry Young Men was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits 不能适应环境的人 They felt they were socially stateless 无政府状态 Even though they were university graduates They were very sensitive 敏感 to the undesirable 讨厌的人 things of the society Angry Young Men was represented by John Osborne s play Look Back in Anger 愤怒问题 and Amis novel Lucky Jim 42 新小说主义 新小说主义 Nouveau Roman Nouveau Roman refers to some 20th century French novels The term Nouveau Roman came into being with the publication 发表 of some essays 短文 by Grillet 新小说主义源于 他 a French writer The New Novel tends to be objective 客观的 Human characters are on an equal footing 地位 with things The New Novelists try to avoid taking sides 走 极端 when they come to the description of characters making no distinction 不加以区别 between good and bad or between important and trivial 平凡 Therefore their characters are often shapeless 无形状态 and sometimes even nameless 没有姓名 43 存在主义 存在主义 Existentialism Existentialism is a philosophy 哲学倾向 that became a self conscious movement 自发的运 动 in the 20th century Its basic concern is human existence 人的存在 A key concept 关键概念 of existentialism is that man is only what he makes of himself Existentialism in literature was represented by Bernard Shaw s problem plays And Sartre s 萨达尔 Being and Nothingness 存在与虚无 44 荒诞剧 荒诞剧 The Theatre of the absurd The Theatre of the absurd is a term referring to the works of some European particularly French playwrights 剧作家 of the 1950s and 60s The word absurd originated from the works of Camus 加谬斯 The play writers of the Theatre of the absured employed 被使用 many techniques used by the popular theatre such as acrobatics 杂技 Their language is very often dislocated 错位 with plenty of jargon 行话 clich s 老生常谈 and repetitions 反复使用 The Theatre of the Absurd of represented by Beckett s 贝克特 waiting for Godot 等待哥达 45 黑色幽默 黑色幽默 Black Humour Black Humour is a term derived 源于 from Black Comedy Its origin can be traced back to Shakespeare s time But now the term 术语 is usually used to refer to some Western especially American Post World War writers Black humour is kind of desperate humour 会让人产生绝望的幽默 In Black humour man s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers 人的命运自有安排 Black humour was represent