卢秋凡;徐萍;王李云;高源—阅读理解之 主旨大意题 主旨大意推理题和细节题 细节推理题

1 优能个性化高中英语教学教案优能个性化高中英语教学教案 授课日期授课日期授课时间授课时间8 8 小时小时课题课题阅读理解各题型解题技巧阅读理解各题型解题技巧课型课型高考英语潜能生高考英语潜能生 教学重点教学重点 1 1 主旨大意题解题策略主旨大意题解题策略 1 1 简单类 对细节推测 简单类 对细节推测 2 2 复杂类 对文章大意推断 复杂类 对文章大意推断 2 2 细节题细节题 1 1 简单类简单类 2 2 复杂类 推断题 复杂类 推断题 教学内容教学内容 教学难点教学难点 1 1 复杂类主旨大意题复杂类主旨大意题 2 2 复杂类细节题复杂类细节题 解决方案解决方案 教具教具 教学思路分析教学思路分析 课后作业课后作业听听写写读读 2 说说笔记复习笔记复习预习预习 学员反馈学员反馈 教师参与教师参与学生参与学生参与教学过程教学过程 时间时间教学活动教学活动 ActivitiesActivities L S R WL S R W 学生活动学生活动 学生语言学生语言 3 第一次课第一次课 5 105 10 分钟分钟 1 21 2 分钟分钟 1 21 2 分钟分钟 复习和导复习和导 入入 重点考点重点考点 再现再现 历年分值历年分值 权重权重 阅读理解是学生爱恨交加的一块 阅读理解是学生爱恨交加的一块 为啥 为啥 1 1 能不爱吗 能不爱吗 分值那么多分值那么多 2 2 能不恨吗 那一篇篇到底是什么鸟语能不恨吗 那一篇篇到底是什么鸟语 那我们就来整体解剖下 学生到底怕在哪里 那我们就来整体解剖下 学生到底怕在哪里 优等生 优等生 A BA B 选项纠结 答案就是对着你来 中英思维方式的异同 选项纠结 答案就是对着你来 中英思维方式的异同 中等生 我看懂文章了 但我做错题目了中等生 我看懂文章了 但我做错题目了 潜力生 那是一篇鸟语 我直接看题目 猜 蒙 错潜力生 那是一篇鸟语 我直接看题目 猜 蒙 错 所以解决阅读理解很重要的第一步是对文章的把握 那你要知道什么 所以解决阅读理解很重要的第一步是对文章的把握 那你要知道什么 文章的段落组织模式 可以是第一张文章的段落组织模式 可以是第一张 PPTPPT 列举型 列举型 简单列举 熟知列举 主次列举简单列举 熟知列举 主次列举 时间型 信息词 时间型 信息词 first first then then afterwards afterwards shortly shortly afterafter that that later later next next before before atat last last finallyfinally 空间型 信息词 空间型 信息词 onon thethe left right left right onon thethe toptop of of above above inin frontfront of of behind behind near near onon thethe otherother sideside of of inin thethe centercenter 分类型 信息词分类型 信息词 dividedivide into into breakbreak into into kinds kinds sorts sorts types types classes classes groupsgroups 在对文章进行整体感知后 我们过渡到题干和题目来 在对文章进行整体感知后 我们过渡到题干和题目来 千篇一律 千篇一律 题目总结为四大类题型 题目总结为四大类题型 1 1 事实细节题事实细节题 2 2 猜测词义猜测词义 3 3 推理判断推理判断 今天我们处理的 是阅读理解 为什么 你先看 看阅读在你的高 考卷里的地位好 了 阅读是高考试卷 中分会比例非常 大的一块 将近 占了 30 的分会比 例 所以我们会 花几节课的时间 好好的把这块好 东西啃下来 先 说说你对阅读理 解的感觉吧 你的问题其实也 是大家对阅读题 的普遍问题 我 们会在这个专题 里各个击破 逐 个解决 我们先来看一下 阅读理解文章的 几种比较多见的 结构以及题目的 类型 OH NO 为什么是阅读 那倒是 题特别长 最废纸 好像也挺贵 我的感觉 有的题像那种广 告啊 通知什么的挺简单的 用以前说的划关联词然后找 到原文里有用的句子就可以 选了 有一些文章我看得懂 可是常常找不到解题有用的 信息 就做不出来 还有就 是四个选项都能在文章里找 到 但是好像这个也对那个 也对的 对了 还有的文章 太难了 单词都是不认识的 我就根本看不懂了 就只能 乱选了 5 45 6045 60 分钟分钟 25 3025 30 分钟分钟 5 105 10 分钟分钟 5 105 10 分钟分钟 重点考点剖重点考点剖 析析 真题演练真题演练 答疑解惑答疑解惑 课程总结课程总结 4 4 主旨大意主旨大意 分开一块块讲就太落伍了 我们今天来点小小创新 分开一块块讲就太落伍了 我们今天来点小小创新 先看下各块历年分值先看下各块历年分值 0 0 2 20 0 4 40 0 6 60 0 细细节节题题推推理理判判断断主主旨旨大大意意 标标题题猜猜字字 词词 句句 福福建建近近6 6年年高高考考英英语语阅阅读读剖剖析析 题量 44 26 15 14 6 所以 介绍下我们这节课的基本框架 所以 介绍下我们这节课的基本框架 我们是从主旨大意题切入我们是从主旨大意题切入 1 1 主旨大意题解题策略主旨大意题解题策略 1 1 简单类 对细节推测 简单类 对细节推测 2 2 复杂类 对文章大意推断 复杂类 对文章大意推断 2 2 细节题细节题 1 简单类简单类 2 复杂类 推断题 复杂类 推断题 NowNow that sthat s comecome toto thethe firstfirst importantimportant part part 主旨大意题 主旨大意题 考察情况 数量平衡 每年考察情况 数量平衡 每年 2 42 4 题 需要对文章的主旨大意进行综合 题 需要对文章的主旨大意进行综合 归纳 判断归纳 判断 从题目和选项进行分析 从题目和选项进行分析 题目特征 题目特征 1 The main idea key point of this passage is that 2 The passage is mainly about 3 The best title headline for this passage is 4 The topic subject discussed in this passage is 5 From the passage we can learn conclude that 6 The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with 7 Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage 8 Which of the following best states the theme of the passage 做过阅读理解我 们都知道它有这 么一类题目 问 文章的主要讲了 什么呀 问作都 的意图或是态度 呀 或都让你给 文章选一个合适 的题目呀 不知 道你遇到这样的 题目是怎么处理 的 看来你对这种题 目还是颇有经验 的嘛 我还听出 了深恶痛决和往 事不堪回首的味 道 我们今天就 会从这类题入手 我们把这种题定 义会主旨大意题 先看一下下面几 个题干 嗯 那你以后可 以从段落的做起 然后延伸到文章 这样的题最烦人了 以前说 的什么找关键词 无效信息 跳过什么的在这种提里面根 本不管用 一定要好好的把 文章看一遍 考试时间那么 紧 文章都那么长 后面还 有写作 太浪费时间了 有 时我就凭大概的印象随便选 一个了 而且有时候真的看 了好几遍还是会选错 特别 是选标题 我常常会在两个 选项上面纠结 而且常常其 中有一个是正确答案 可我 往往选不中 所以出现这几种问题就是在 考主旨大意题 除了刚才讲 的那些 还有问段落的 那 段落的要比文章的简单 29 如何考如何考 总结下题目特点 总结下题目特点 1 1 bestbest titletitle 简单类的主旨简单类的主旨 选项特征 选项较短 名词短语为主 选项特征 选项较短 名词短语为主 如 如 20112011 福建福建 B B 4 4 0606 年年 福建福建 E E 篇篇 2 2 mainlymainly aboutabout 3 3 WhichWhich conveyed conveyed TrueTrue oror false false 创新考察点创新考察点 20112011 浙江浙江 C C 6 6 五三五三 P229P229 简单类的主旨大意题 解题秘籍简单类的主旨大意题 解题秘籍 1 1 定位关键字定位关键字 2 2 以量取胜以量取胜 判断要快准狠 出现频率最多 判断要快准狠 出现频率最多 B B For five days Edmonton s Downtown Park is transformed into one huge stage where artists are able to share their talents 2011 年福建卷 B 篇第 4 小题就是 一个主旨大意题 选择最佳的标题 你先观察一下这 四个选项和其它 类型题目的选项 有什么不同 选标题我总是很少选对 好 像每个选项在文中都有出现 过 就不知道该选哪个了 是不是比较短 7 and where people are able to celebrate and enjoy themselves Since is beginning in 1980 the Edmonton Folk Music Festival has been commemorating 念 the ture feeling of what folk music is all about and that s the traditional togetherness 友爱 that is felt when people gather to share stories and feelings through song This year will be the sixth year when volunteer Riedel will be offering up her time to the festival People coming off a busy spring and summer have a moment of relaxation Riedel said It s really east to relax and it s great seeing family and friends have fun together These families and friends come from all different kinds of musical tastes People who take pleasure in Blues are there so are people who love Bluegrass This festival does its best to develop everyone s musical interests With so many years of experience the festival has become a well oiled machine and does whatever it can to make attendees feel as possible There are free water stations throughout the venue 举办地 for people to fill up their travel cups When people buy food reusable ashes are given a 2 plate fee but that is returned when the plate is brought back The festival has completely sold out of tickets and in record time But with big names such as Van Morrison and Jakob Dylan it s easy to see how that was going to happen There is no parking area during the festival so using the Park or 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath or 67 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of urine 尿液 Drivers who cause traffic accidents or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested Any drive found drinking beyond the limit will be charged The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK 25 000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 driving offence points or temporarily banned from driving The same punishment applices to failing to provide speciments 样本 far breath blood or urine tests without good excuse Drink driving is a criminal offebce Be a responsible driver think before you drink For the safety of yourself and other road users never drive after consuming alcohol 56 The first paragraph is mainly about 种题是要总的概 括性的东西 而 不是分的细节性 的东西就行了 7 A the introductions of driving skills B the damage of drinking to your body C the effect of drinking on driving D the process of alcohol being absorbed 总结下 主旨大意题呢 其实融合了细节和推断 总结下 主旨大意题呢 其实融合了细节和推断 主旨大意题解题思路总结主旨大意题解题思路总结 总体解题套路 总体解题套路 1 1 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子 2 2 留意反复论述的内容和高频词 留意反复论述的内容和高频词 3 3 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示 语后 语后 如 如 OnOn thethe wholewhole inin short short therefore therefore I I agreeagree withwith thethe opinionopinion that that GivenGiven allall thesethese pointspoints aboveabove I I wouldwould 7 ForFor allall thethe reasonsreasons mentionedmentioned aboveabove I I wouldwould 解题误区 解题误区 1 1 以偏概全 只抓住了主题的一个侧面 以偏概全 只抓住了主题的一个侧面 2 2 过于笼统 归纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对 过于笼统 归纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对 细节加细节加 以充分论证 以充分论证 3 3 把观点强加给作者 常识误区 并非作者观点 把观点强加给作者 常识误区 并非作者观点 OKOK 完成了主旨大意题 接下看另外一个重头戏 完成了主旨大意题 接下看另外一个重头戏 2 2 细节题细节题 阅读技巧讲解主要分为三大部分 简要介绍细节推理题的几种分类 重点讲解定位法在细节推理题中的运用 总结归纳细节推理题的做题技巧 一 细节推理题的分类一 细节推理题的分类 现在我们先来看下第一部分 细节推理题的答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复 而 是根据文中的细节经过合理的推理或转化得出的 1 同样 按照答案在原文中出现的位置 细节推理题可以分为 同样 按照答案在原文中出现的位置 细节推理题可以分为集中集中 型细节推理题型细节推理题和和分散型细节推理题分散型细节推理题 1 集中型 集中型 就文章的单个细节提问 答案在原文中出现的位 置一般也位于单句话或几句话中 因为具体细节不同 出题形式千 变万化 因题而异 如 2010 江西 A 56 Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier 我们可以发现 在做细节推断题 中 基本有两种 题型 是神马知 道么 那就是集中型细 节推理题和分散 型细节推理题 你有没有发现有 些题目是在原文 中单句话或几句 话中一模一样的 可以出来的 这 就是集中型 神奇啊 是什么啊 老师 可是不知道什么样的 哦 是的 是这样的 是不是要看整片的文章才能 知道的啊 我最讨厌的 哈哈 是的 7 58 How did Andy avoid the bees in the end 59 Which of he following can best describe Andy s escape from the bees 2010 福建 E 73 According to the passage the Pawnee Indians built their houses 2 分散型 分散型 题目涉及到文章某一段或几段 甚至贯穿全文的 各个位置 需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节 请注意 分散型细节 推理题并不意味着题目的正确答案出现在文章的不同位置 正确答 案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细节 只是说文章的干扰选项 是关于不同的细节 需要我们在定位的时候阅读某一个区域 分散 型细节推理题常见的出题方式有 Which of the following is not true We can learn infer from the passage that Which of the following is NOT mentioned about 也有因题而异的 有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中 需要考 生仔细定位 如 2010 江西 A 57 Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the swarm of bees in the passage 2010 福建 E 74 All the native Indian houses described in the passage were 原文所陈述的事实有很多段 而并不是单个的句子 2 就题目形式而言 细节推理题的表现形式是多种多样的 最常见就题目形式而言 细节推理题的表现形式是多种多样的 最常见 那你来猜猜什么 是分散型的呢 Right 这就是分 散型的细节题 就有点像推理判 断题 要经过一 点点的转换思考 说白了 就只是 穿了一件马甲而 已 把它脱了 本质还是可爱的 乌龟 集中型的设问方 式 7 的有 的有 1 文章细节 针对文中细节直接提问 2 指代判断 判断文中某个代词或特定词组的指代关系 3 图表数据 对题目中的图标和数据进行简单的计算 4 词义猜测 推测文中某个词或词组的含义 5 顺序排列 选择文中细节出现的正确的时间顺序或逻辑顺 序 6 态度目的 作者在文中引入某个细节的目的 或对某个细 节或细节人物的态度 3 3 细节推理题常见的设问方式细节推理题常见的设问方式 设问方式 疑问句式 五个 W 一个 H 不完整的陈述句式 排除 句式 1 Which of the following is true false mentioned 2 What does the writer pay least attention to 3 Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe 4 How did Christy McKinley know Ms Schatzman s opinion of the chi tea 5 D was created for 6 Which of the following is NOT mentioned about 二 定位法在细节推理题中的运用二 定位法在细节推理题中的运用 定位法 通过定位词解题 就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记 意义的词或词组划记出来 然后用这个词回到原文当中定位 1 什么词才算是定位词呢 什么词才算是定位词呢 我们首先要关注的是表示人名 地名等的专有名词专有名词和表示年份 数 字 百分数等的数词数词 以及题干中出现的大写的名词大写的名词 如 分散型的设问方 式 那老师 我们做这种细节题 该怎么下手呢 恩 是的 看它关键的信息 7 2010 全国卷 II 51 Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe 2010 辽宁 61 What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York 2011 福建 C 64 Which of the following best describes Roth s feeling in Book 1 2011 全国卷 I C 65 Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy 2011 全国卷 I E 73 We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who 2010 全国 I 61 How did Christy McKinley know Ms Schatzman s opinion of the chi tea 2010 山东 57 D was created for 2010 湖南 62 We can know that before 1995 Mary 2010 四川 46 What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards 在上面的例子当中 表示地名的 New York Europe 表示人名的 Roth Phil Heinricy 表示时间的 1995 以及大写的特殊专有名词 D Green Communities Standards 等都是定位词 在原 文当中都有出现 能帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点 可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等 在没有上面这些类 词的时候我们需要留意一些表示实体意义 指代一件具体事物的具象的 名词 如 2009 安徽 D 70 If you would like to have some vegetable beef what may be your choice 2010 江苏 56 Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover 所以 我们可 以总结出 细 节推理题的设 问方式 疑 问句式 五个 W 一个 H 不完整的陈述 句式 排除句 式 有没有发现有时 候你看题目是 不需要看全部的 只要捉住主要的 对了 那就是定 位词 怎么判定是定位词呢 对啊 是这样的 那有些不 是名词 那怎么办呢 Comment A1 词义的转换 unaware fail to notice day dreaming about the fishing trip 直接可以找到 7 2010 全国 I 56 Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeare s Birthplace 2010 全国 I 66 Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes 如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢 这时我们还可以关注题干中词义鲜明的动词 形容词 副词等 但是因 为动词 形容词 副词的同义表达太多 题干中这些词往往是原文中的 同义表达或转化 需要引起我们的注意 这个我们在下文中还会专门提 到 请看下面一个用形容词 副词作定位词的例子 2010 上海 67 Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because 在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子 Increasingly the Indian elephant is angry for many years illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land It is now fighting back 2 定位法在集中型题中的运用 定位法在集中型题中的运用 2010 江西 A Andy rode slowly on his way to school day dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him He rode along until a strange around drew him to the present He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens What he saw shocked him A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like clack cloud and the buzzing mass towards him With no time to waste Andy sped off in the opposite direction riding furiously without knowing how to escape the swarm With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously he sped down the rough road As the 首先要关注的是 表示人名 地名 等的专有名词专有名词和 表示年份 数字 百分数等的数词数词 以及题干中出现 的大写的名词大写的名词 请看下面举例的 各个省的高考阅 读理解题 对了 这就需要 我们留意一些表 示实体意义 指 代一件具体事物 的具象的名词 定定位词 fail to notice 知道 是没有注意到的意思 第一段的这一句 day Comment A2 into the cool water he dived 表示 andy 躲避开蜜蜂是因为 他跳到河里 7 bees came closer his panic increased Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings 蜇 The last sting had landed him in hospital and that was only one bee sting He had been forced to stay in bead for two whole days Suddenly his father s words came to him When you are in a tight situation don t panic Use your brain and think your ways out of it On a nearby hill he could see smoke waving slowly skywards form the chimney of the Nelson family home Bees don t like smoke he thought They couldn t get into the house Andy raced towards the Nelson house but the bees were gaining ground Andy knew be could not reach the house in time He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon Suddenly out of the corner of his eyes he spotted a small dam used by Mr Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden Off his bike and into the cool water he dived disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects After holding his breath for as long as he could Andy came up for air and noticed the bees have gone Dragging himself out of the date he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell Mr Nelson took his inside and rang his mother You ll really need that fishing break to help you recover laughed his mother with relief Thank goodness you didn t panic But Andy did not hear her He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow 56 Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier A He was riding to school B He was listening to a strange sound C He was going fishing with his father D He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip 57 Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the swarm of bees in the passage 好了 说了那么 多 我们现在来 看看高考是怎样 考的 看 2010 年江西的 高考题 我们说 过最关键的是什 么 dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him 因为 unaware fail to notice 是的 Comment A3 for the needs of the tall 这句话直接告诉你这场运动的发起是 为了高的人的需要 7 A They crowded like a black cloud B They shocked and terrified Andy C They tried to attack Andy in a mass D They made Andy stay in hospital for two days 58 How did Andy avoid the bees in the end A He asked Mr Nelson in help B He hid himself under the water C He rushed into the Nelson house D He rode off in the opposite direction 2011 全国 1 C While small may be beautiful tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants The Tall Persons Club Great Britain TPCGB which was formed six months ago to campaign 发起运动 for the needs of the tall has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants Beds that are too small shower heads that are too low and restaurant tables with hardly any leg room all make life difficult for those of above average height it says But it is not just the extra tail whose needs are not being met The average height of the population has been increasing yet the standard size of beds doorways and chairs has remained unchanged The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it so even a king size bed at 6 6 6feet and 6 inches is falling short for 25 of men while the standard 6 3 bed caters for 满足需要 less than half of the male 男性 population said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy 那你告诉我 问 题中那个是关键 词 知道这三个词的 意思吗 那你有没发现这 要到哪里找呢 为什么要找这句 呢 Bingo 那你是不 是知道选什么答 案了呢 是不是 细节题也很简单 TPCGB campaign purpose 在文中找定位词在地地方 The Tall Persons Club Great Britain TPCGB which was formed six months ago to Comment A4 Seven foot beds would work fine 这是 TPCGB president Phil Heinricy 明明白白说明 的 Comment A5 6 6 beds are now put in as standard 是说明 6 6 的床是标准的 而以前的上文提到的 6 3 将被他所取 代 7 Seven foot beds would work fine Similarly restaurant tables can cause no end of problems Small tables which mean the long legged have to sit a foot or so away from them are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere Some have already taken note however At Queens Moat Houses Caledonian Hotel in Edinburgh 6 6 beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors particularly Americans 64 What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign A To provide better services B To rebuild hotels and restaurants C To draw public attention to the needs of the tall D To attract more people to become its members 65 Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy A 7 2 B 7 C 6 6 D 6 3 67 What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh A Tall people pay more for larger beds B 6 6 beds have taken the place of 6 3beds C Special rooms are kept for Americans D Guest rooms are standardized 3 定位法在分散型题中的应用 定位法在分散型题中的应用 请注意 离散型细节推理题的解题步骤和技巧基本上与集中型是一致的 但是离散型细节推理题在题干中除了告知特定的目标段落之外 往往找 不到定位词 这就需要我们在题干找不到定位词时 迅速的浏览一下选 项 在选项中找到定位词 啊campaign 发起运动 for the needs of the tall 这句话不是 吗 一模一样的 我知道要 选什么了 选 C 好滴 7 2010 安徽 A The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908 At his factory in lvera he designed and produced the first Italian typewriter Today the company s head office is still in Ivrea near Turin but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13 000 machines a year Some went to customers in Italy but Olivetti exported more typewriters to other countries Camilllo s son Adriano started working for the company in 1924 and later he became the boss He introduecd a standard speed for the production line and he employed technology and desion specialists The company developed new and better typewriters and the calculators 计算器 In 1959 it prodyced the ELLA computer system This was the first mainframe 主机 computer designed and brade in Italy After Adriano died in 1960 the company had a period of financial problems Other companies especially the Janpanese made faster progress in electronic technology than the Italian company In 1978 Carlo de Benedetti became the new boss Olivetti increased its marking and service netw