(课标通用)2017高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案资料

1 专题专题 1919 篇章结构题篇章结构题 考纲展示 命题探究 1 命题方式的特点 篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章描述事件的发展 所说明事物的 结构或论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理 分析和总结的能力 2 常见的设问方式 1 How is the passage organized 2 Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage 3 The author develops the passage mainly by 3 篇章结构题的注意事项 考生在做该题型时要学会把握文章的脉络 理解段落层次之间的关系 弄清作者的写 作方法 英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句 主题段通常在文章的开头 简要概括文章 的中心思想 主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头 也可能出现在段落的 中间或末尾 段与段之间常用词语连接 承上启下 使文章行文连贯 逻辑严密 为突出 主题 作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章 通过举例 比较 类比等手法来透彻阐 明主题观点 考法综述 该类题主要考查文章发展的脉络 各段落的层次关系以及写作手法 如举例 比较 类比等论证手法 命题法 1 段落组织方法 典例 1 The production of coffee beans is a huge profitable business but unfortunately full sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage The change in how coffee is grown from shade grown production to full sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds and even disturbs the world s ecological balance On a local level the damage of the forest required by full sun fields affects the area s birds and animals The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species 物种 that depend on the trees flowers and fruits Full sun coffee growers destroy this forest home As a result many species are quickly dying out 2 On a more global level the destruction of the rainforest for full sun coffee fields also threatens 威胁 human life Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases In addition new coffee growing techniques are poisoning the water locally and eventually the world s groundwater Both locally and globally the continued spread of full sun coffee plantations 种植园 could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world s climate and studies show that the loss of oxygen giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming Moreover the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic 酸性的 soil conditions It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life from the local environment to the global ecology But consumers do have a choice They can purchase shade grown coffee whenever possible although at a higher cost The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text P Paragraph 答案 A 篇章结构题 文章第一段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题 二 三 四 段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏 第五段劝说人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种 植的咖啡 所以是总分总的结构 故选 A 解题法 段落组织方法的解题思路 1 通读全文 把握各段大意 3 2 确定段落组织框架 总分式 总分 分总 总分总 并列式 段落之间是平行关系 对照式 一正一反 命题法 2 写作方法 论证方法 类 典例 2 Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust Food can also have a specific meaning and play a significant role in a family or culture s celebrations or traditions The foods we eat and when and how we eat them are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural 农村的 and urban areas within one country Sharing bread whether during a special occasion 时刻 or at the family dinner table is a common symbol of togetherness Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations In the southern United States pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity 兴旺 in the New Year In Greece people share a special cake called vasilopita A coin is put into the cake which signifies 预示 success in the New Year for the person who receives it Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child and food can play a significant role In China when a baby is one month old families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red colored eggs to guests In many cultures round foods such as grapes bread and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity Nutrition is necessary for life so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world The author explains the role of food in celebrations by A using examples B making comparisons C analyzing causes D describing processes 答案 A 篇章结构题 本文列举了不同文化背景下庆祝活动中的饮食文化 故选 A 项 解题法 写作方法 论证方法 类解题思路 1 通读全文或某段 分析写作手法 2 确定写作方法展开方式 时间顺序 空间顺序 例证关系 4 对比或类比关系 PassagePassage 1 1 限时 限时 6 6 分钟分钟 体裁 议论文 题材 科学生活类 难度 中词数 320 Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life mostly for the better However social changes that are brought about by new P1 technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes W1 An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college Surveys 调查 on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be very or somewhat overly protective even after their children move into college dormitories The same surveys also W2 indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago This is usually interpreted as a sign that today s parents are trying to manage their children s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate S However greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that W3 parents are failing to let go of their adult children In the context 背景 of this discussion it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with P2 their college age children frequently would this have been possible W4 Probably not On the other hand does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn t present a generation ago Many studies show that older parents today s grandparents would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier Furthermore studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new nor are requests for more money to be sent from home This phenomenon is neither good W5 nor bad it is a fact of college life today and in the past Thanks to the advanced technology we live in an age of bettered communication This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and P3 not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings 科学的变化影响着生活的各个方面 但是科技带来的社会变化常被误认为是态度的变 化 作者对此举例进行了说明 1 The surveys inform us of 5 A the development of technology B the changes of adult children s behavior C the parents over protection of their college children D the means and expenses of students communication 答案 C 细节理解题 根据第二段第二句 Surveys 调查 on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be very or somewhat overly protective even after their children move into college dormitories 可 知 这些调查告知了我们父母对他们上大学的孩子保护过度 2 The writer believes that A parents today are more protective than those in the past B the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages C technology explains greater parental involvement with their children D parents changed attitudes lead to college children s delayed independence 答案 C 推理判断题 根据文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知 作者认为 科技的发展使父母加强对他们上大学的孩子的管教 3 What is the best title for the passage A Technology or Attitude B Dependence or Independence C Family Influences or Social Changes D College Management or Communication Advancement 答案 A 主旨大意题 文章就 家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系 这一话 题进行了讨论 科技还是态度 作文章标题最佳 4 Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage 6 I Introduction P Point Sp Sub point 次要点 C Conclusion 答案 B 篇章结构题 整篇文章讨论的是家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系 第一段提出论点 第二段用调查说明作者不认可的一个观点 第三段用 However 一词转 折 说明第二 三段是不同的两个观点 第四 五两段用于支持第三段中提出的观点 最 后一段作出了总结 W重点单词 1 mistaken adj 错误的 2 dormitory n 宿舍 3 indicate v 表明 暗示 4 frequently adv 频繁地 5 phenomenon n 现象 P重点短语 1 bring about 引起 造成 2 be in touch with 和 有联系 3 bear in mind 记住 S句式仿写 原文 This is usually interpreted as a sign that today s parents are trying to manage their children s lives past thethe pointpoint wherewhere thisthis behaviorbehavior isis appropriateappropriate where 引导的定语从句 先行词 point 表示抽象地点 译文 这经常被解读为一种信号 当前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行为恰当的 地步 仿写 The treatment will continue until the patient reaches 7 the point where he can walk correctly and safely 治疗将持续到病人能达到正确安全地行走的地步 PassagePassage 2 2 限时 限时 7 7 分钟分钟 体裁 说明文 题材 史地常识类 难度 中词数 291 There are many places to go on safari 观赏野生动物 in Africa but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana s Okavango Delta must rank as P1 one of the world s most exciting wildlife journeys Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta The camps have excellent horses professional guides and lots of support workers They have W1 a reputation for providing a great riding experience W2 The morning ride when the guides take you to beautiful shallow lakes full of water lilies tends to be more active It is unlike any other riding experience With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face it is truly exciting You are very likely to come across large wild animals too On S horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants giraffes and many other animals The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though as does your heart rate as you move closer to them In the evening rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink Sedate though they are rides at this time of day are still very impressive As the sun s rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses the romance of Africa comes to life Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and P2 wine Looking back on your day you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild 在非洲观赏野生动物的地方很多 然而最让人兴奋的旅程莫过于博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈 三角洲的马背之旅 1 What does the underlined word They refer to A Flooded waters B Wildlife journeys C Safari camps D Unique rides 答案 C 词义猜测题 第二段介绍 safari camps 第一句说明 safari camps 的基 本行程 第二句说明了 safari camps 的优势 第三句中的 They 和前两句的主语内容相同 指代 safari camps 2 What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari A Seeing and feeling the real African life B Enjoying good food and wine at the camp 8 C Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did D Being part of the scene and getting close to animals 答案 D 细节理解题 由第三段第三句可知 水花与彩虹相映成趣 溅落在身上的 水花声音清脆 画面与声音让人兴奋不已 由第三段最后一句可知 和动物靠得越近越让 人兴奋紧张 故 D 项正确 3 What does the underlined word Sedate probably mean A Wild and romantic B Slow and peaceful C Hungry and thirsty D Active and excited 答案 B 词义猜测题 由第四段第一句可知 夜晚的马背之旅令人放松 不匆忙 只有 B 项 缓慢的 宁静的 与此处基调相同 故 B 项符合题意 4 The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by A following space order B following time order C making classifications D giving examples 答案 B 篇章结构题 由第三段中的 The morning ride 第四段中的 In the evening 以及最后一段中的 Back at the camp 可知 对奥卡万戈三角洲的旅行介绍是 按照时间顺序进行的 W重点单词 1 professional adj 职业的 专业的 2 reputation n 名声 声望 名誉 P重点短语 1 rank as 列为 排名为 2 kick off 踢开 S句式仿写 原文 WithWith rainbowsrainbows formingforming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face it is truly exciting with 复合结构 译文 伴随着在身边溅起的水中形成的彩虹和大的水滴从你的身上和脸上落下的声音 这真的太令人兴奋了 仿写 With nothing left in the cupboard she went out to get something to eat 家里橱柜里没有吃的了 她出去买些吃的 PassagePassage 3 3 限时 限时 6 6 分钟分钟 9 体裁 说明文 题材 生态环境类 难度 易词数 271 The African elephant the largest land animal remaining on earth is of great importance to African ecosystem 生态系统 Unlike other animals the P1 African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment As a P2 big plant eater it largely shapes the forest and savanna 稀树草原 surroundings in which it lives therefore setting the terms of existence for W1 millions of other animals that live in its habitat 栖息地 It is the elephant s great desire for food that makes it a disturber of W2 the environment and an important builder of its habitat In its continuous S search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day it kills small trees and underbushes and pulls branches off big trees This results in P3 numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that W3 cover part of the African savannas In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters Take the rain forests for example In their natural state the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor By pulling down trees and eating plants elephants make open spaces allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor In such situations the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant eaters to move W4 around and for small plant eaters to get their food as well What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species If the elephant disappears scientists say many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna greatly W5 changing and worsening the whole ecosystem 本文主要讲述的是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用 它不断的寻找食物拓宽了 其他动物的生存空间等 1 What is the passage mainly about A Disappearance of African elephants B Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants C The effect of African elephants search for food D The eating habit of African elephants 答案 C 主旨大意题 本文主要讲述的就是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用 它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等 故 C 正确 2 What does the underlined phrase setting the terms most probably mean A Fixing the time B Worsening the state C Improving the quality D Deciding the conditions 答案 D 词义猜测题 根据文章 As a big plant eater it largely shapes the forest and savanna 稀树草原 surroundings in which it lives therefore setting 10 the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat 说明非洲大象塑造了草原的环境 也决定了其他动物的生存条件 故 D 项正确 3 What do we know about the open spaces in the passage A They result from the destruction of rain forests B They provide food mainly for African elephants C They are home to many endangered animals D They are attractive to plant eating animals of different kinds 答案 D 细节理解题 根据文章 This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters 说明开放的空间对于其他的 食草动物也很重要 故 D 项正确 4 The passage is developed mainly by A showing the effect and then explaining the causes B pointing out similarities and differences C describing the changes in space order D giving examples 答案 A 篇章结构题 本文主要通过描述大象的行为带来的具体影响以及对这些影 响的原因的解释 故 A 项正确 W重点单词 1 existence n 存在 2 desire v n 欲望 要求 3 numerous adj 许多的 很多的 4 situation n 情况 形势 5 vast adj 广阔的 巨大的 P重点短语 1 of great importance 很重要的 2 to a great extent 在很大程度上 3 result in 导致 S句式仿写 原文 ItIt isis the elephant s great desire for food thatthat makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat 强调句 型 译文 正是大象对食物的欲望使它成为环境的破坏者和栖息地的修建者 仿写 It was the culture rather than the language that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad 是文化而不是语言 使他很难适应国外的新环境 11 PassagePassage 4 4 限时 6 分钟 体裁 议论文 题材 健康类 难度 易词数 283 With the development of society the choice of food and drinks for P1 children is more diversified than ever before However every coin has two sides Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is W1 getting worse according to the statistics I feel there are a number of W2P2 reasons for this Some people blame the fact that we are surrounded by shops selling W3W4 unhealthy fatty foods such as fried chicken and ice cream at low prices W5 This has turned out a whole generation of grown ups who seldom cook a meal for themselves If there were fewer of these restaurants then probably children would buy less take away food There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight I agree to this because good eating habits begin early P3 in life long before children start to visit fast food shops If children are given fried chicken and chocolate rather than healthy food or are always allowed to choose what they eat they will go for sweet and salty foods every time and this will carry on throughout their lives There is a third reason for this situation Children these days take very little exercise They do not walk to school When they get home they sit in front of the television or their computers Not only is this an unhealthy pastime 消遣 it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food What they S need is to go outside and play active games or sports The above are the main reasons for this problem and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits 本文第一段是一个中心段 提出儿童肥胖的问题 在 2 3 4 段中分别给出一个原因 在文章最后一段进行了总结提出了解决问题的方法 1 What is suggested by the author to deal with overweight A Blaming the shops selling unhealthy and fatty foods B Asking young children to walk to school every day C Living an active life and removing bad eating habits D Not watching TV or playing computer games after school 答案 C 推理判断题 根据文章最后一段 The above are the main reasons for this problem and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits 可知作者给出的建议是要过着更为积极的生活而且要把一些不好的饮食习