2012高考英语 备考之名词性从句

用心 爱心 专心1 20122012 高考备考英语之名词性从句高考备考英语之名词性从句 名词在句中一般作主语 宾语 表语和同位语 能象一个名词一样在句中充当这些成 分的从句就叫名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 What surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room 使我最为吃惊的是看到有些村民坐在教室后面的板凳上 主语从句 This was what the blacksmith was reading 这就是铁匠在读的东西 表语从句 Do you know why winter is colder than summer 你知道冬天为什么比夏天冷吗 宾语从句 They expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again 他们表达了想再来中国的愿望 同位语从句 作 hope 的同位语 引导名词性从句的关联词有以下三类 从属连词 that whether if as if 用于表语从句 连接代词 who what which whom whose 等 连接副词 when where why how 以及由 how 组成的词组 how many how long how far 等 名词性从句的语序名词性从句的语序 名词性从句的语序要用陈述句语序 而不要使用一般疑问句的语序 如 Whether he will be able to come remains a question 他是否能来还是个问题 The question is who will be the next speaker 问题是谁接着发言 He admitted that he was wrong 他承认错了 Can you tell me why a rocket can fly in outer space 你能告诉我为什么火箭能够飞入外层空间吗 I have no idea when he will be back 用心 爱心 专心2 我不知道他什么时候回来 主语从句主语从句 主语从句的三种类型 由连词 that 引导 如 That China is a great socialist country is well known 中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家 这是众所周知的 That he will come back soon is certain 他很快会回来是肯定的 由连词 that 引导的主语从句 在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面 而用代词 it 作 形式主语 常见的以 it 作形式主语的主语从句句型有四种 It be 形容词 that It be 名词词组 that It be 过去分词 that It seems happens appears doesn t matter makes no difference that 如 It is clear 形容词 that we badly need help 很明显 我们急需帮助 It is necessary 形容词 that you should master the computer 你很有必要掌握电脑 当形容词是 necessary important strange 等时 主语从句常用虚拟语气 should 动词原形 It is no wonder 名词词组 that he looks pale 难怪他看起来脸色苍白 It is a pity 名词词组 that we can t go 我们不能去真是遗憾 It is still unknown 过去分词 that who will win the match 还不知道谁会赢得这场比赛 It is said 过去分词 that Mr Green has arrived in Beijing 据说格林先生已到了北京 It happened that I had seen the film 碰巧我看过了那部电影 It seems that he is playing football 用心 爱心 专心3 他似乎正在踢足球 it 作形式主语代替主语从句时 要注意和 as 引导的定语从句的区别 如 It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack 据报道 美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击 主语从句 有 that 无逗号 As was reported the US was under the terrorist attack 据报道 美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击 定语从句 无 that 有逗号 由 what 所 的东西 whatever 所 的一切 whoever 一切 的人 等 代词引导 如 What he wants to tell us is not clear 他要跟我们说什么 还不清楚 Whoever is tired may rest 谁要是累了就可以休息 Whatever was said here must be kept secret 这里所说的话都应保密 由连接代词或连接副词 或 whether 引导 这类主语从句可以直接用在句首作主语 也可以放在句子后部去 前面用 it 作形式上 的主语 这两种结构基本上可以换用 意思上没什么差别 如 When we shall have our sports meet is still a question It is a question when we shall have our sports meet 我们什么时间举行运动会还是个问题 Whether he will join us won t make too much difference It won t make too much difference whether he will join us 他是否加入到我们当中来没多大关系 表语从句表语从句 表语从句放在主句中的连系动词后面 引导表语从句所用的的关联词和引导主语从句 所用的关联词相同 此外 连词 as if 也可以引导表语从句 如 That is where the red Army crossed the Yangtze River 这就是红军横渡长江的地方 This is exactly what I expected 用心 爱心 专心4 这正是我希望的 It seems as if he would soon recover 他似乎快要恢复健康了 宾语从句宾语从句 引导宾语从句的关联词和引导主语从句的关联词相同 在使用宾语从句时应注意时态的呼应 如果主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时 宾语从句的谓语可根据句 意的需要而用任何一种时态 如 Peter believes that his dream will come true some day 彼得相信有一天他的梦想会实现 一般将来时 Please tell me what you think of the project 请你谈谈你对这个工程的看法 一般现在时 I will tell him that you have come 我要告诉他你来了 现在完成时 I will tell him that you came this morning 我要告诉他你是今天上午来的 一般过去时 如果主句中的谓语动词是过去时态 宾语从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用过去时 态的某种形式 在叙述过去的事情时 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句的谓语动词所表 示的动作同时发生 从句要用一般过去时或过去进行时 如 He said that he was looking for Bill 他说正在找比尔 I asked whether he knew Japanese 我问他是否懂日语 如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前 从句 要用过去完成时 如 He told me that he had watched the football match 他告诉我已看过了这场足球赛 如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之后 从句 的谓语动词要用过去将来时 如 I knew that he would come a few days later 用心 爱心 专心5 我知道过几天他要来 如果宾语从句中说的是客观真理 谓语动词总是用一般现在时 而不受主句中谓语 动词时态的影响 如 I realized that practice makes perfect 我懂得了熟能生巧的道理 He said that the sun rises in the east 他说太阳从东方升起 连接代词 副词 不定式 常用在某些动词后面 decide know wonder ask tell show find out consider teach promise 等 来代替宾语从句 如 The book explains how to solve the problem how we shall solve the problem 这本书解释如何解决这个问题 We ll go to the zoo tomorrow But I don t know when to start when we shall start 我们明天要去动物园 但是我不知道何时动身 同位语从句同位语从句 能接同位语从句的名词有 fact idea news information order belief suggestion advice hope doubt reply answer saying 等 用来引导同位语从句的 词有 that whether when where 等 如 The fact that water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen is undeniable 水是由氢和氧化合而成这一事实是无可否认的 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题 I have no idea when he will be back 我不知道他什么时候回来 Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed 这时就产生了这样一个问题 我们到哪里去找所需要的机器 同位语从句和定语从句的区别 定语从句是先行词的修饰语 它不涉及先行词的具体内容 如果定语从句是用 that 引 导 that 在从句中不但起连接作用 而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分 同位语从句对 中心词的内容作进一步的解释和说明 表明中心词的具体 实际内容 引导同位语从句的 that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分 只起连接作用 无具体词义 且不可省略 用心 爱心 专心6 如 He put forward the suggestion that the second question should be discussed first 他提出建议应当首先讨论第二个问题 同位语从句 that 在从句中不作任何成分 that 不可省略 The suggestion that he had put forward was turned down 他提出的建议被否定了 定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语 可省略 that We expressed the hope that they had expressed 我们表达了他们曾经表达了的希望 定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语 可省略 that We expressed the hope that they would come to China again 我们表达了这样的希望 欢迎他们再来中国 同位语从句 that 在从句中不作任何成分 that 不可省略 名词性从句连接词的选用 名词性从句连接词的选用 if 和 whether whether 和 if 在引导宾语从句时 意思是 是否 这时 if 并没有 假设 如果 的意思 引导主语从句 表语从句 同位语从句以及介词后之宾语从句 不能用 if 只能 用 whether 多数情况下引导动词之宾语从句可用 if 或 whether whether 引导的从句 中可以有 or not if 引导的从句一般没有 or not 如 I didn t know whether if he would go there 我不知道他是否会去那里 宾语从句 Whether they will hold a meeting tomorrow depends on the weather 我们是否明天开会要取决于天气情况 主语从句 The problem is whether he is safe 问题是他是否安全 表语从句 He can hardly answer the question whether the old woman can survive a major operation 他几乎不能回答这位老人是否能经得起一场大手术而活下来的问题 同位语从句 I am worried about whether he is safe 我担心他是否安全 介词之后宾语从句 I wonder whether it is true or not 我不知这是否是真的 用心 爱心 专心7 We don t know whether or not he is well 我们不知道他现在是否身体健康 that 和 what that 和 what 都可引导主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 what 通常不引导同位语从句 而 that 则可以 what 除起连接作用外 还在名词性从句中充当成分 可作从句中的主 语 宾语或表语 而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分 只起连接作用 如 What the country needs most is wise leadership 国家最需要的是英明领导 主语从句 what 在从句中作 need 的宾语 He has changed a lot He is not what he used to be 他变化很大 他不是过去那个样子了 表语从句 what 在从句中作表语 We should pay attention to what the teacher is saying 我们应当注意老师所说的话 宾语从句 what 在从句中做 say 的宾语 The result is that we won the game 结果是我们赢了比赛 表语从句 that 在从句中不作成分 只起连接作用 Do what you think is right 做你认为正确的事 宾语从句 what 在从句中主语 what 从句一般有两种含义 what 在从句中仍保持其疑问代词的意义 什么 如 What I want to ask is clear 我想要问什么是清楚的 I can t understand what he meant 我不理解他是什么意思 what 的另一含义是 the thing s that 它包括 先行词 关系代词 如 I gave her just what she needed I gave her just the money or some other things that she needed What I d like is a digital watch The thing that I d like is a digital Do you want to hear what he said Do you want to hear the words that he said 其他连接代词和副词的选用 用心 爱心 专心8 主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义 正确地选择 who which when where why how 等连接词 这些连接词即有疑问含义 又起连接作用 同时在从句中充当各种成分 其区别从词义上是显而易见的 如 We don t know who broke the window 我们不知道是谁打破窗户的 who 在宾语从句中作主语 You must know when he will come 你一定知道他什么时候来 when 在宾语从句中作时间状语 That is why I am working hard at my lessons 这就是我为什么要用功的原因 why 在表语从句中作原因状语 I have no idea where you got all the books 我不知道你从哪里弄到的这些书 where 在同位语从句中作地点状语 引导词 that 的省略 主语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 用 it 作形式宾语的宾语从句及并列宾语从句中的 后几个从句 that 都不能省略 只有单个宾语从句中的 that 可以省略 如 We don t think that they are coming 我们认为他们不会来 单个宾语从句 that 可以省略 The reason is that he is careless 原因是他粗心 表语从句 that 不可以省略 The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us 她什么也没说这个事实使我们大家都感到惊讶 同位语从句 that 不可以省略 That he will come back soon is certain 他很快会回来是肯定的 主语从句 that 不可以省略 I don t think it necessary that you should read English aloud 我认为你没有必要大声朗读英语 it 作形式宾语 此时宾语从句中的 that 不可以省略 定语从句定语从句 定语从句是一种作定语用的从句 修饰主句中的一个名词或代词 定语从句所修饰的 词叫做先行词 定语从句要跟在先行词的后面 用心 爱心 专心9 定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种 引导定语从句的关系词有两种 关系代词 that which who whom whose as 等 关系副词 when where why 等 关系词的作用 引导定语从句 代替先行词 在定语从句中作成分 定语从句中关系代词的使用 定语从句中关系代词的使用 如果修饰人 一般用关系代词 who whom whose 或 that 在定语从句中作主语的 一般用 who 或 that 作宾语的一般用 whom who 或 that 作定语并具有物主性质的用 whose 在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略 如 I don t like people who that get angry easily 我不喜欢容易发脾气的人 关系代词 who that 在定语从句中作主语 不可省略 Here is the man whom who that you want to see 这就是你想见的人 关系代词 whom who that 在定语从句中作宾语 可以省略 Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast 你班上有谁家在东北的 关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语 不能省略 注意 用 who 还是 whom 完全根据它们本身在定语从句中的地位和作用而定 与先 行词在主句中的作用无关 尤其要注意在带有插入语的定语从句中 who 和 whom 的选用 如 The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage 寄信人要付邮资 who sent the letter 是定语从句 修饰 person who 在定语从句中作主语 因 此用主格 He is a man who I believe is honest 他是一个我认为诚实的人 I believe 是插入语 去掉该插入语剩下的便是 He is a man who is honest 在语 法及句意上都能成立 who 是定语从句中动词 is 的主语 故用主格 不用宾格 whom 如果修饰事物 用关系代词 which 和 that 作宾语时可省略 作介词宾语时 如 果介词位于关系代词之前 则用 which 不能省 而不用 that 关系代词 that 既能代人 又能代物 whose 也可用来指物 此时可用 of which 来代替 在定语从句中作定语 如 Don t buy tomatoes that which are green 用心 爱心 专心10 不要买颜色还是青的西红柿 that which 在定语从句中作主语 不能省 The fish that which they sell are not fresh 他们卖的鱼不新鲜 that which 在定语从句中作宾语 可以省 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired 门坏了的那个教室将很快修理 The tool with which he is working is called a saw The tool that which he is working is called a saw 他干活用的那个工具叫叫锯 介词 with 位于关系代词之前 须用 which 不能省 也不能用 that 定语从句中关系副词的选用 定语从句中关系副词的选用 when 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 有时也可用介词 which 来代替 如 I still remember the day when on which I first came to Beijing 我还记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景 She came at a time when we needed her most 她是在我们需要她的时候来的 where 指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 有时也可用介词 which 来代替 如 That is the house where in which he lived ten years ago 那是他十年前住过的房子 I have found a peaceful place where in which we can study 我找到了一个能学习的安静的地方 why 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 常可用 for which 来代替 如 I know the reason why for which she was so angry 我知道她为什么那么生气 Do you know the reason why for which he came so late 你知道他来得这么晚的原因吗 应注意关系副词和关系代词在定语从句中的不同使用 如 I ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself 用心 爱心 专心11 我永远忘不了我独自出国的那一天 when 在从句中代替时间状语 on the day 我们可以把这个句子分解为 I ll never forget the day I went abroad myself on the day We ll never forget the days that we spent together 我们永远也不会忘记我们在一起度过的那些日子 that 代替 the day 在句中作 spent 的宾语 that 可以省略 该句可分解为 We ll never forget the days We spent the days together wayway 作先行词之后的定语从句 作先行词之后的定语从句 当 way 表示 方式 方法 在句中作先行词 后被一个定语从句修饰时 引导定语 从句可用 that 也可用 in which 或什么都不用 如 I don t like the way that he laughed at me I don t like the way in which he laughed at me I don t like the way he laughed at me 我不喜欢他用那种方式来嘲笑我 timetime 之后的定语从句 之后的定语从句 time 作先行词 前面如有序数词和 last 修饰时 引导定语从句不能用 when 只能用 that 或两者都不用 但前面如无序数词或 last 常用 when 有时也用 that 引导定语从句 如 This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson 这是我最后一次给你们上课 The first time I saw Premier Zhou was in 1958 我第一次见周总理是在 1958 年 I don t know the exact time when the track and field meet will take place 我不知道田径运动会举行的确切时间 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切 对先行词有修饰限制作用 如果去掉 主句的意 义将不完整或失去意义 非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不太密切 只对先行词有附加说 明作用 如去掉 主句的意思仍完整 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 修饰的 先行词可是名词 名词词组或代词 而非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开 可修饰主 句的某一个词 也可以修饰整个句子 另外 在关系词的使用上 限制性定语从句作宾语 时可以省略 在非限制性定语从句中不可省略 限制性定语从句中可用 that 而非限制性 定语从句中不可使用 that 如 The student who that is standing at the door is from Beijing 站在门口的学生是从北京来的 限制性定语从句 如果去掉 意思不明确 不知指的是哪个学生 用心 爱心 专心12 My mother who works in a factory is an engineer 我的母亲是个工程师 她在一家工厂工作 非限制性定语从句 只是对主句作附加说明 如去掉 对主句表达的意义没有直接 影响 Yesterday I visited Tom who seemed to be very ill 昨天我看望了汤姆 他似乎病得很厉害 非限制性定语从句 如省去 剩下 Yesterday I visited Tom 句子的意思仍是清 楚的 I have a sister who is a musician 我有一个是音乐家的姐姐 限制性定语从句 我有几个姐姐 其中一个是音乐家 I have a sister who is a musician 我有一个姐姐 是音乐家 非限制性定语从句 我只有一个姐姐 她是音乐家 He tore up my photo which made me very angry 他把我的照片撕了 这使我感到非常生气 非限制性定语从句 修饰前面整个主句 定语从句的常见考点 定语从句的常见考点 one of the 复数名词 后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况 跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致 通常用复数 但如果这一结构前面有 the only 之类的限定语 后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单 数形式 如 This is one of the books that are required for study at school 这是学校里要求学生学习的书籍之一 He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school 他是我校教师中唯一懂得法语的人 定语从句中用 that 而不用 which 的情况 先行词是不定代词时 如 everything anything any something little much 等 如 We should do all that is useful to the people 我们应当做一切有益于人民的事 先行词被 all every no some any much 等词修饰时 如 用心 爱心 专心13 I have read all the books that you gave me 我已读过你给我的所有的书 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时 如 This is the first step that we should take 这是我们应该走的第一步 This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen 这是我所看过的最有意思的电影 先行词被 the only the very the same the last 修饰时 如 This is the very book that I want to find 这正是我要找的那本书 先行词既有人又有物时 如 They are talking about the factory the leaders and the workers that they visited yesterday 他们在谈论昨天访问的那家工厂及厂里的领导和工人 主句是以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句时 如 Who is the person that is standing at the gate 站在大门口的那个人是谁 关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时 如 My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be 我的家乡已不再是过去的那个面貌了 定语从句中宜用 which 而不用 that 的情况 当关系代词前面有介词时 如 Is this the room in which he lives 这就是他住的房间吗 在非限制性定语从句中 如 His dog which was very old became ill and died 他的狗 已经很老 病死了 当关系代词后面有插入语时 用心 爱心 专心14 如 Here is the English grammar book which as I had told you will help improve your English 这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书 在一个句子中有两个定语从句 其中一个定语从句的关系词用了 that 另一个宜用 which 如 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened to us 给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的一本小说 关系代词 as 和 which 的选用 在形式上 as 引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面 也可位于主句的前面 而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面 不能位于主句的前面 在意义上 as 定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系 常译为 正如 就象 而 which 定语从句 和主句的关系是因果关系 或 which 从句是对主句的评论 如 The room hasn t been cleaned for weeks which makes it very dirty 房间好几周没打扫过了 因而很脏 不用 as He was late again as we had expected 他又迟到了 正如我们所料 另外 在 such as the same as as as so as 等结构中 as 引导定语从 句 此时不能用 which 代替 这种定语从句常采用省略形式 如 I live in the same building as he does 我和他住在同一栋楼里 I have never seen such a lazy man as you 我从来没见过你这样懒的人 It is such an easy book as he can read 这是他能读的一本浅显的书 Here is so big a stone as no one can lift 这个大石块太大没人能把它举起来 He knows as many people as are present at the meeting 他认识所有到会的人 先行词为 situation 或 point 时 常用 where 引导定语从句 如 用心 爱心 专心15 Can you point out a situation where this word can be used 你能指出这个单词使用的场合吗 You have got to the point where a change is needed 你已经发展到非改不可的地步了 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 谓语动词要和先行词的性 数保持一致 如 Those who have finished may leave the classroom now 做完了的人现在可以离开教室了 定语从句中不要重复了关系代词或关系副词所替代的部分 如 误 The school where I worked there is a famous one 我所工作过的学校是一所著名的学校 正 The school where I worked is a famous one 应去掉 there 因 where 即引导定语从句 又在从句中代替 in the school 作状语 误 This is the place that I have visited it 这就是我参观过的那个地方 正 This is the place that I have visited 应去掉 it 因 that 代替先行词 the place 在定语从句中作 visit 的宾语 再加 it 就是多余的了 定语从句中不要加多余的关系副词或介词 如 误 The house where he lives in needs repairing 应删去关系副词 where 因为 where 在这里的意思是 in which 否则介词 in 就重 复了 或保留 where 删去从句里的 in 正 The house he lives in needs repairing 正 The house where he lives needs repairing 高考预测题 高考预测题 1 We ll remember he teaches us A that B no matter what C whatever D no matter which 2 I told him I had come the day before and I was going to stay here for a week A B that C that D how 3 It makes no difference A that who will go with me B why will they stay 用心 爱心 专心16 C when you will leave D that how you get here 4 No one denies the fact he has made much progress A if B that C what D why 5 my father wants to know is getting on with my study A What how am I B How how I m C How that I am D What how I am 6 It hasn t been decided we will talk over the plan again A even if B unless C what D whether 7 He is interested in was reported in today s newspaper A which B that C what D how 8 Edison made a lot of inventions of great importance A which I think are B which I think they are C which I think they D I think which are 9 Alice is the only one of the classmates that invited A is B has C have D are 10 Is this the reason she gave for being late A why B what C when D that 11 It s a great pity we won t be able to finish the task on time A when B that C why D where 12 Mr Smith has a new car I wonder when it A he got B did he got C gets D he is getting 13 leaves the room last ought to lock the door A Anyone B Person C Whoever D Who 14 We don t doubt he can do a good job of it A whether B that C what D why 15 The day will come the people all over the world will win liberation A that B where C how D when 16 I don t like you speak to me 用心 爱心 专心17 A the way B the way in that C the way which D the way of which 17 Air or is called the atmosphere surrounds the whole world A that B which C what D it 18 He is wrong is natural A as B that C as that D it 19 The letter and the girl we had discovered disappeared again A which B that C whom D who 20 the compass was first made in China A It is known to all B It is known that C We all know D As is known to all 21 one can succeed depends on hard he works A What how B How what C Whether how D How when 22 I don t like your attitude I don t care A if or not you like it B whether you like it or not C do you like it or not D that you like it or not 23 Alice took a job working at night it is a mystery to me A Why she did do B Why she did C Why did she D Why did she do 24 Is Peter going to fix our radio for us Yes he is here A that s for B that s because C that s why D that s reason 25 he bought for my birthday is a bike A That B What C This D Which 26 It remains a question they can get so much money in such a short time A how B that C when D what 27 Next month you ll spend in your hometown is coming 用心 爱心 专心18 A which B that