Translation__ Techniques[1][1].doc2007

1 Translation Techniques I 英汉语言的八大差异英汉语言的八大差异 1 英语的词汇有形态变化 如动词有人称 时态 语态 情态的变化 名词有 格和数的变化等 英语通过词汇的形态变化表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻 辑关系 汉语基本没有形态变化 它主要靠词语 词序等来表达句子的语言意 义 Oxford has or had till yesterday fewer students than University of Toronto 牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少 2 英语的名词 介词 形容词 副词表达能力强 而汉语的动词 词组和短句 构成了汉语的优势 What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality power and range 他的诗形象生动 独具一格 而且气势磅礴 这是显而易见的 Jordan can not politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference 约旦若拒绝接受阿拉伯外交会议的邀请 在礼貌上说不过去 The raising of 25 000 pounds was a task altogether beyond her powers 要筹集两万五千镑她完全无能为力 3 英语用词力戒重复 常常用替代 省略和变换的表达方式避免重复 汉语用 词不怕重复 常用实称 还原和复说的表达方法 英语不重视用词的均衡和对 偶 汉语十分讲究词语的偶式对应 喜欢用四字词组和排比式词汇 During his visit to China the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times 在中国访问期间 韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了数次会商 Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics 土豆是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源 香蕉则是热带地区淀粉食物的重要来源 Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter 一定的文化是一定社会政治和经济的反映 又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨 大的作用和影响 The man blames his wife and vice versa 这丈夫责备他太太 他的太太也责备他 The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women who were selling and buying all kinds of things 路上挤满了男男女女 他们熙熙攘攘 正在买卖各种各样的东西 4 英语句子重 形合 往往用词形变化 连接词 介词 定语从句和独立主 格结构表示成分之间各种语法关系 句子外形严谨 汉语句子以 意合 为特 点 句子外形松散 这是一次精心组织起来的会议 市政厅里济济一堂 热情洋溢 主持会议的是 斯特朗先生 This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall with 2 Mr Strong in the chair 顷刻之间 滚滚的洪水像堵墙一般压了下来 一古脑儿连人带车都给冲走了 这情景直到现在还印在我的脑海里 The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind 他疲惫不堪 天气也越来越热 他于是下了决心 一碰到舒适的阴凉处 就坐 下休息 His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade 5 英语句子被动语态用得多 特别是在信息性和理论性的文体 汉语被动用得 少 有时不用被动也可表示被动含义 有时用无主语句 这篇作文读起来不像小孩子写的 This does not read like a child s composition 每逢假日的下午 我总要漫游周围的乡村 My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country 为什么总是把这些麻烦事都推给我呢 Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me 6 英汉句子叙事 推理的顺序大部分情况下是相反的 英语句子在叙事时往往 先说最近发生的事 再说先前发生的事 汉语则相反 英汉句子先总提 然后 才叙述所发生的事情 汉语则先说事 后总结 一个举目无亲的孩子 而且他父亲当初是认为我会待他好才把孩子托给我的 我总不能打他吧 I couldn t beat a boy who hadn t got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he though I d be kind to him 我们于 1959 年离开了中国 此后 中国连续三年遭受自然灾害 当我们在国内 读到这方面的消息时 心情颇为沉重 We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959 7 英语的句子主次分明 先把主要信息以主 谓 宾的语法主干形式表达出来 再运用独立结构或其他语法手段表达次要信息 汉语的主要和次要信息的区别 暗含在短句的并列之中 暴风雨把小屋冲坏 他们只好住在一个窑洞里 The storm having destroyed their hut they had to live in a cave 这儿是头两卷 第三卷下月出版 Here are the first two volumes the third one to come out next month 8 英语和汉语的段落意识不同 英语的段落基本是表达一个中心思想或只讲一 个事件 主语尽量避免跳动 以保持段落的流畅性 汉语一段可包含几个意思 而且对主语的限制不严 自上了轿 进了城 从纱窗中瞧瞧 其街市之繁华 人烟之阜盛 自非别处可 比 She got into her chair and was soon carried through the city wall Peeping through the gauze panel which served as a window she could see streets and buildings more rich and elegant and throngs of people more lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before 3 II Translation from English into Chinese 1 通过理解 正确选择词义 通过理解 正确选择词义 He should be the last man to blame 怎么也不该怪他 Any exposure to the elements that lasts more than a few hours will remind us of the desirability of the basic human amenities the elements the weather esp the bad weather 在恶劣气侯环境里呆上几个小时 我们就会渴望得到一些生活必备品 Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children 孩子们看电视太多会大大地损坏视力 Yesterday he challenged me to a tennis match and I rose to it 他昨天提出和我比赛网球 我欣然接受挑战 2 词义的引申和褒贬 词义的引申和褒贬 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character 他的性格中既有老虎的残暴 又有猿的狡猾 Every life has its roses and thorns 每个人的生活都有甜和苦 The weeds too are involved in the business of fertility 杂草在使土壤变得肥沃这一方面功不可没 中性转褒义 3 词性的转换 句子成分的转换及顺序的变化 词性的转换 句子成分的转换及顺序的变化 The doctor s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery 医生迅速到达 并非常仔细地检 查了病人 因此病人很快就康复了 英语名词化 汉语动词化 Her jurisdiction is over the relations between the creatures 她管辖着所有生物之间的往来 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民 获得了他们的一些好感 名词译成副 词 Precautions are necessary to prevent it from exploding 必须采取预防措施 以防它爆炸 主语译成谓语 He then acted as a reluctant interpreter 他当时并非情愿地当了一次翻译 形容词译成副词 They have not done so well ideologically however as organizationally 但是 他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好 副词译成名词 4 增减法 增减法 复数 时态 省略 重复等 复数 时态 省略 重复等 Reading makes a full man conference a ready man and writing an exact man 读书使人充实 讨论使人机智 笔记使人准确 省略 We don t retreat we never have and never will 时态 我们不后退 我们从来没有后退过 我们将来也决不后退 4 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not 报考大学的人 有工作经验者优先录取 省略重复部分 If it hadn t been for you I wouldn t have succeeded in business 当时要不是你 我不会在生意上成功 增加时态 省略无意义的 it John is your friend as much as mine John 既是你的朋友 也是我的朋友 重复比较部分 But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness his carelessness and the ruin he was bringing on his family 可是他老婆不断地在他耳边唠叨个没完 说他懒惰 说他粗心 并且说他 的一家人都要毁在他身上 重复动词 In China they made mistakes suffered from them acknowledged and studied them thus planned victory 在中国 他们犯过错误 吃过错误的亏 承认错误 研究错误 从而制定了 胜利的方针 重复代词 5 分译法分译法 Elliot was too clever not to see that many of the persons who accepted his invitations did so only to get a free meal Elliot 是个聪明人 必然看得出来 大多数接受他邀请的人只是为了来吃一顿 不花钱的饭 The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪 这是合乎情理的 副词分译 She was expensively spoiled from the moment of birth 她自从呱呱坠地 就一直受到万般的宠爱 是一位用钱堆起来的千金 The assertion that it was difficult if not impossible for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic social and cultural development was now scarcely contested 如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位 不能自由地保证其经济 社会和 文化的发展 要享受其基本权利 就算不是不可能 也是不容易的 这一论断 几乎是无可置辩的了 分译 顺序转换 6 被动转主动被动转主动 She was seen leaping out unharmed just before the vehicle burst into flames 人们看到 她正好在车爆炸起火之前跳出车外 没有受伤 被动 And so it can hardly be expected that humans would not change nature 所以 期 望人类对自然不作任何改造是不可能的 译成汉语的无主句 The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built 在建金属大桥之前 必须考虑金属受热膨胀这一现象 译成汉语的无主句 7 物称转人称 抽象转具体物称转人称 抽象转具体 Alarm began to take entire possession of him 他开始变得惊恐万状 物称转人称 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood 一看到那棵大树 我便想起了童年的情景 物称转人称 5 A high degree of carelessness pre operative and post operative on the part of some of the hospital staff took place 医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心 抽象转具体 But there had been too much publicity about my case 但我的事现在已搞得满城风雨 人人皆知了 抽象转具体 Exercises 1 None of them challenged the validity of those resolutions 2 After only a short exposure to sunlight he began to turn red 3 As a demanding boss he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees 4 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me 5 Kissinger was alarmed by China s first atomic blast in October 1964 6 Can the leopard change his spots 7 May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party through you for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution which is now inspiring the world 8 But there is danger in this opposition and it can be best dealt with by realizing that these pure and separate categories are pure ideas and do not otherwise exist 9 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps 10 An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs 11 An outsider s success could even curiously help the two parties to get the agreement they want 12 A home without love is no more home than a body without a soul is a man 13 His name just escaped me Keys 1 没有一个人对那些决议的有效性提出异议 2 只在太阳下晒了几个小时 他的皮肤就变红了 3 他是一个苛刻的老板 要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿 鞠躬尽瘁 4 我有一个问题弄不懂 想请教你 你能回答吗 分译法 顺序改变 5 1964 年 10 月 中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹 这把基辛格吓了一跳 被动转主动 顺序改 变 分译 6 豹子改变不了身上的斑纹 这叫本性难移 词义的引申 增加注释法 7 让我通过你最衷心地祝贺伟大的中国人民及中国共产党 祝贺你们伟大革命的辉煌胜利 这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界 重复关系代词 8 这种对立关系是很危险的 最好的解决办法是让人们意识到自然和人类毫无关系的想法 只是纯粹的理念 实际上并不存在 被动转主动 动词变名词 9 我走在厚厚的地毯上 一点脚步声也没有 物称转人称 10 读一点世界史 对学习时事是有帮助的 名词变动词 11 说来奇怪 一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议 12 正像没有灵魂的躯体不成其为人一样 没有爱情的家庭也不成其为家庭 13 我一时想不起他的名字了 6 III Translation from Chinese into English 汉译英 句子 时要处理好三个关系 替代 substitution 主谓 subject predicate 主从 subordination 一一 替代替代 1 使用代词替代 避免重复 他的本性就是这样 Such is his nature 我们必须都说同样的话 We must all say the same 要提倡科学 靠科学才有希望 We must promote science for that is where our hope lies 我说咱们就三点在这儿集合吧 你们买什么东西 时间都该够了 Let s say we meet here at three o clock That ought to give you time to buy everything 2 使用 so as to do that 等或其他表达方式来替代 避免重复 两兄弟对此决定都满意 这项决定在事前都得到他们的同意 The two brothers were satisfied with this decision as was agreed beforehand 老年和中年科学家很重要 青年科学家也很重要 Veteran and middle aged scientists are important and so are young ones 将右腿提放 20 次 再将左腿提放 20 次 Lift and lower the right leg 20 times Repeat with the left leg 二二 主谓主谓 1 无主句的处理 找或添加主语 这样好嘛 就是要有创造性 That s good Creativity is just what we want 禁止用迷信和暴力手段残害妇女 Cruel treatment causing injuries or even death of women by superstition or violence is prohibited 有一利必有一弊 The disadvantage comes with the advantage 2 调整主语使搭配更协调 同时 我们的对外开放采取了多种方式 包括搞经济特区 开放 14 个沿海城 市 In the meantime we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 coastal cities 基本路线要管 100 年 动摇不得 We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years with no vacillation 三三 主从主从 7 1 从句 汉语多用并列结构 而英语多用主从结构显出层次 没有人照顾的话 花草自然要枯萎 Flowers will pine away when they are not cared for 他说他以前从未见过她 这不是事实 He said that he had never seen her before which was not true 这家纺织厂有 8000 多职工 其中女职工占 80 The textile mill has over 8000 workers and staff eighty percent of whom are women 又一次来到了波士顿 我有 10 年没有到这里来了 Once more I am in Boston where I have not been for ten years 2 分词短语 独立主格结构等 我悄悄地披了件大衣 带上门出去了 Shrugging on an overcoat I made my way out closing the door behind me 他不小心离开了人行道 被公共汽车撞倒了 Stepping carelessly off the pavement he was knocked down by the bus 我们住在乡村 交际的机会很少 Living in the country we had few social engagements 乌云已散去 太阳又普照大地了 The dark clouds having dispersed the sun shone again 我们走进一个大候诊室 头上有一个大电扇运转着 We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead 汉译英时要注意选词 汉译英时要注意选词 词的内涵 褒贬 搭配及常用习语等都应该注意 P67 75 胆小如鼠 as timid as a hare 一贫如洗 as poor as a church mouse 饥寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger 不论晴雨 rain or shine 三五成行 in threes and fours 富起来 to improve or better their living conditions to become better off 有关系的人 a well connected person 发挥余热 to use one s availability 汉译英句子翻译技巧汉译英句子翻译技巧 1 增减法增减法 一连十天没下雨 We haven t got a drop of rain for a good ten days 2 词类转换词类转换 学生们都应该德 智 体全面发展 All the students should develop morally intellectually and physically 3 顺序转换 句子结构转换顺序转换 句子结构转换 我们的三个孩子是在接受了八年的华文教育后 才转入英文源流学校 对此我 们感到非常欣慰 We are gratified that our three children had eight years Chinese schooling before 8 switching over to English medium schools 任何一个人 如果不努力学习新东西 都会被时代所淘汰 Any person who fails to master new things will be left behind the times 4 表述角度的转换表述角度的转换 在美国 人人都能买到枪 In the United States guns are available to everyone 他突然想到了一个新主意 A new idea suddenly occurred to him 5 拆句法和合并法拆句法和合并法 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待 中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻名世界 的 I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world 少年是一去不复返的 等到精力衰退时 要做学问也来不及了 Youth will soon be gone never to return And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years 6 否定句的译法否定句的译法 1 注意使用英语中带否定意义的动词 名词 形容词 副词 连词和介词 scarcely little few unless without far from beyond fail to do 他的解释不能让人满意 His explanation is far from satisfactory 无论如何 她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生 She can hardly be rated as a bright student 2 注意否定翻译常见错误 P86 未经允许 任何人不得入内 Nobody can come in without permission 听到这个消息 没有一个人不感到兴奋 Having heard the news everyone felt excited 这两本书都不是英国出版的 Neither of the books is published in England 我不同意所有这些方案 I don t agree to any of these project