直接引语和间接引语的区别

直接引语和间接引语的区别 引述或转述别人的话称为 引语 直接引用别人的原话 两边用引号 标出 叫 做直接引语 用自己的语言转述别人的话 不需要引号这叫做间接引语 实际上间接引语 大都是宾语从句 其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外 其转换后是不定式 那么直接引语 为陈述句 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句和祈使句 转换为间接引语时 句子的结构 人称 时态 时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化 如何变化呢 1 人称的转变 1 直接引语中的第一人称 一般转换为第三人称 如 He said I am very sorry He said that he was very sorry 2 直接引语中的第二人称 如果原话是针对转述人说的 转换为第一人称 如 You should be more careful next time my father told me My father told me that I should be more careful the next time 3 直接引语中的第二人称 如果原话是针对第三人称说的 转换成第三人称 如 She said to her son I ll check your homework tonight She said to her son that she would check his homework that night 4 人称的转换包括人称代词 物主代词和名词性物主代词等 如 He asked me Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon 总之 人称的转换不是固定的 具体情况 具体对待 要符合逻辑 2 时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时 主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时 从句 即间接引语部分 的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化 变成过去时范畴的各种时态 实际也是宾语从句 的时态要求 变化如下 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般过去时 过去完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 例如 I am very glad to visit your school she said She said she was very glad to visit our school Tom said We are listening to the pop music Tom said that they were listening to the pop music Mother asked Have you finished your homework before you watch TV Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV He asked the conductor Where shall I get off to change to a No 3 bus He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No 3 bus Why did she refuse to go there the teacher asked The teacher asked why she had refused to go there Mother asked me Had you finished your homework before you watched TV Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV Tom said We were having a football match this time yesterday Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before He said I haven t heard from my parents these days He said that he hadn t heard from his parents those days 3 直接引语变成间接引语时 从句时态无须改变的情况 1 当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候 如 He always says I am tired out He always says that he is tired out 2 当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候 如 He will say I ll try my best to help you He will say that he will try his best to help me 3 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时 如 He said I went to college in 1994 He told us that he went to college in 1994 4 当直接引语中有以 when while 引导的从句 表示过去的时间时 如 He said When I was a child I usually played football after school He said that when he was a child he usually played football after school 5 当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时 如 Our teacher said to us Light travels faster than sound Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound 6 当引语是谚语 格言时 如 He said Practice makes perfect He said that practice makes perfect 7 当直接引语中有情态动词 should would could had better would rather might must ought to used to need 时 如 例如 The doctor said You d better drink plenty of water The doctor said I d better drink plenty of water He said She must be a teacher He said that she must be a teacher He said She ought to have arrived her office by now He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then The teacher said You needn t hand in your compositions today The teacher said we needn t didn t need to didn t have to hand in our compositions She asked Must I take the medicine She asked if she had to take the medicine 注 此处用 had to 代替 must 更好 8 此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定 不能机械照搬 如果当地转述 here 不必改为 there 动词 come 不必改为 go 如果当天转述 yesterday tomorrow this afternoon 等均不必改 变 如 Teacher You may have the ball game this afternoon Student What did the teacher say Monitor Monitor He said we might have the ball game this afternoon 4 时间状语 地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化 1 时间状语 直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语 now then tomorrow the next following day today that day next week the next following week month year yesterday the day before two days ago two days before last week month year the week month year before this week month year that week month year 2 指示代词 these 变成 those 3 地点状语 here 变成 there She said I won t come here any more She said that she wouldn t go there any more 4 动词 come 变成 go bring 变成 take 5 直接引语变成间接引语 句子结构的变化 1 陈述句 用连词 that 引导 that 在口语中常省略 主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的 said 也可用 told 来代替 注意 可以说 said that said to sb that told sb that 不可直接说 told that 如 He said I have been to the Great Wall He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall He said I ll give you an examination next Monday He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday 不可说 told that 此外主句中的谓语还常有 repeat whisper answer reply explain announce declare think 等 又如 He said I m late because of the heavy traffic He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic 如果间接引语是由 that 引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句 第一个连词可以省略 以后 的连词一般不省略 以免混乱 The doctor said You are not seriously ill You will be better soon The doctor said that I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon 2 直接引语为一般疑问句 也称是否疑问句 间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导 原 主句中谓语动词 said 要改为 asked me him us 等 语序是陈述句的语序 这一点非常重 要 He said Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation He asked me whether if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation He said You are interested in English aren t you He asked whether I was interested in English 3 直接引语为选择疑问句 间接引语用 whether or 表达 而不用 if or 也不用 either or 如 He asked Do you speak English or French He asked me whether I spoke English or French I asked Will you take bus or take train I asked him whether he would take bus or take train 4 直接引语为特殊疑问句 改成间接引语时 原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词 主句 的谓语动词用 ask sb 来表达 语序改为陈述句语序 如 He asked What s your name He asked me what my name was He asked us How many car factories have been built in your country He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country 5 直接引语为祈使句时 改为间接引语 用带 to 的不定式表达 谓语动词常是 ask advise tell warn order request 等 如 ask sb to do 由肯定祈使句变成 ask sb not to do 由否定祈使句转变 并且在不定式短语中的时间状语 地点状语 人称及时态都作相 应的变化 如 He said Be seated please He asked us to be seated Do be careful with your handwriting He said He told me to be careful with my handwriting Never come here again said the officer nearby The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again Don t touch anything in the lab without permission the teacher said The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission 6 有些含有 建议 劝告 的祈使句 可用 suggest insist offer 等动词 转述 如 He said Let s have a rest He suggested our having a rest He said Let me help you He offered to help me 7 当直接引语形式上是疑问句 有表示请求 建议意义时 可用 ask sb to do sth suggest doing advise sb to do sth 等形式转述 如 Would you mind opening the door he asked He asked me to open the door Why not going out for a walk he asked us He advised us to go out for a walk 或 He suggested we go out for a walk 8 直接引语是感叹句时 变间接引语可用 what 或 how 引导 也可用 that 引导 如 She said What a lovely day it is She said what a lovely day it was 或 She said that it was a lovely day 一随主 是指在直接引语变间接引语时 如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称 所修饰 从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如 She said My brother wants to go with me She said her brother wanted to go with her 二随宾 是指直接引语变间接引语时 若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称 或被第二 人你所修饰 从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致 如果引号外的主句没有宾语 也可以用第一人称 如 He said to Kate How is your sister now He asked Kate how her sister was then 第三人称不更新 是指直接引语变间接引语时 如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称 或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如 Mr Smith said Jack is a good worker Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker 变时态 直接引语在改为间接引语时 时态需要做相应的调整 现在时它需改为过去时态 过去时态改为完成时 过去完成时则保留原来的时态 如 1 She said I have lost a pen She said she had lost a pen 2 She said We hope so She said they hoped so 3 She said He will go to see his friend She said he would go to see his friend 但要注意在以下几种情况下 在直接引语变为间接引语时 时态一般不变化 直接引语是客观真理 The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth the teacher told me The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth 直接引语是过去进行时 时态不变 如 Jack said John where were you going when I met you in the street Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street 直接引语中有具体的过去某年 某月 某日作状语 变为间接引语时 时态不变 如 Xiao Wang said I was born on April 2l 1980 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20 1980 直接引语如果是一般现在时 表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作 变间接引语 时态 不变 如 He said I get up at six every morning He said he gets up at six every morning 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式 例 ought to had better used to 和已 经是过去时的形式时 例 could should would might 不再变 如 Peter said You had better come have today Peter said I had better go there that day 三 如何变状语 直接引语变间接引语 状语变化有其内在规津 时间状语由 现在 改为 原来 例 now 变为 then yesterday 变为 the day before 地点状语 尤其表示方向性的 或用指示代 词修饰的状语 由 此 改为 彼 例 this 改为 that 如 He said These books are mine He said those books were his 编辑本段 如何变句型 直接引语如果是陈述句 间接引语应改为由 that 引导的宾语从句 如 She said Our bus will arrive in five minutes She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes 直接引语如果是反意疑问句 选择疑问句或一般疑问句 间接引语应改为由 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句 如 He said Can you swim John He asked John if h