英语 阅读理解 主旨大意题推理判断题PPT课件.ppt

阅读理解第一讲如何做好主旨大意题 2020 4 3 1 阅读材料的特点 2020 4 3 2 如何做好中考中的阅读理解呢 1 浏览全文 了解文章大意 注意每一段的第一句和最后一句2 带着问题细读全文 标示细节出处 3 遇到生词 灵活处理 4 检查答案 避免疏漏 能在原文找到答案 3 5 生词 词不离句 2020 4 3 3 完成选择时 看其是否与文中内容相矛盾 有无文中信息支持点看它是否完全符合题目的要求如果让你判断其标题的话 要看文章表达的是人还是事 从而推断其标题内容所有的选项必须以文章为基础 不要随意发挥想像或联想 2020 4 3 4 如何做好主旨大意题 2020 4 3 5 一 主旨大意题 做题要领 1 干扰项可能属文中某个具体事实或细节 2 干扰项可能属从文中某些 不完全的 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论 3 干扰项可能属非文章事实的主观臆断 正确答案 是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的 但不能太笼统 言过其实或以偏概全 2020 4 3 6 技巧解析 主旨大意题主要考查对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键 因此 在做题时 要注意每段的主题句 抓住主题句 就不难确定文章的中心思想 寻找主题句的方法 1 认真阅读文章的首尾段或每段的首尾句子 2 文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述 3 抓住反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 2020 4 3 7 Example TherearemanydifferentwaystotraveltoParisfromLondon Oneofthequickestandmostpopularwaysisbytrain FromWaterlooRailwayStation youcantravelallthewaytoParis Thejourneytakesaboutthreehours Thetrain calledtheEurostar isverymodern andtheseatsarecomfortable YoucanalsotraveltoFrancebyship AnotherwaytotraveltoParisisbyplane 80 Thepassagemainlytellsusabout A differentwaystravelingfromLondontoParisB internationalflightsfromLondontoParisC busesstoppingatFerryTerminalSeveninDover 主题句出现在段首 在议论文和说明文中 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头 其后的句子则是论证或说明细节 2020 4 3 8 Every30secondsthereisanearthquake Butdon tworrybecausemostaresoweakthattheycannotbe felt Onlyafewbigoneshurtpeople ManyearthquakeshappenedinChina suchasthebigoneinSichuanlastmonth Thousandsofpeoplediedinit Soit simportanttoknowwhattodowhenonehits Herearesometipsonhowtostaysafeinanearthquake Ifyouareindoorsduringanearthquake hide 躲藏 underadesk Stayawayfromwindowsandanythingthatcouldfallonyou 69 Thebesttitleofthispassageis A HowdangeroustheearthquakeisB HowtobesafeduringanearthquakeC Don tbeafraidoftheearthquake 主题句也可能出现在段尾 作者先摆出事实依据 或者提出问题 然后层层推进 提出解决方法 然后后文再进一步详述 本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现 是全文的主题句 下文按照主题句进行展开 2020 4 3 9 We vetalkedaboutsnails 蜗牛 andtheirslowmove Butmuchofthetimesnailsdon tmoveatall Theyareintheirshells 壳 sleeping Hotsunwilldryoutasnail sbody Soattheleastsignofhotsun asnaildrawsitsbodyintohisshell Asnailwilldieinaheavyrain Sowhenitrains asnaildoesthesamething too Asnailcansleepforaslongasitneedsto Itspendsallthewintermonthsinitsshell asleep Inthespringthesnailwakesup Itsbody aboutthreeincheslong comesoutfromtheshell Whenhungry thesnaillooksforfood Itseyes attheendofthetopfeelers 触角 areveryweak Butitssense 感觉 ofsmellisverystrong Ithelpsthesnailtofindfoodandthenewgreens Asnail smouthisnobiggerthanthepointofapin 大头针 Yetithas256 000teeth Theteethareverysmall andyoucan tseethem Ifyouputasnailinahardpaperbox itwilleatitswayout Andifasnailwearsoutitsteeth itwillgrownewones 文章的主题也可能以高频词的形式出现 本文并没有出现明确的主题句 但细看之下会发现 文章中 snail 这个词出现的频率高达13次 是整篇文章中出现频率最高的词汇 snail既是文章说明的对象 又是文章的主题 2020 4 3 10 InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket Ford GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore Thefloodofcheaperfor eigncarshasnotcastAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted FordoperatesasfarasAsia andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralian sbiggestemployer YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiable 不能满足的 society WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraphA GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers B FordoperatesnotonlyintheU S A butalsoinAsia C TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers D ThefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers 2020 4 3 11 解题的方法技巧 2020 4 3 12 在一篇短文或一个段落中 主题句的情况有三种 2020 4 3 13 山东滨州 65 Thepassageiswrittento A showyouhowcomputerworksB introduceaFrenchKitchenC teachyouhowtocookFrenchfoodD tellyoutheimportanceoflanguagelearning 主题句 主旨大意 本文主要是介绍 会说话的厨房 这是一款法语数字厨房 该厨房可以在教使用者做饭的同时教授法语 选B 2020 4 3 14 ManypeoplebelievethatlifehassmiledtoYangMi attheageof4 shegotherfirstTVplayrole at16 shebecameamodelforafashionmagazine at18 shewenttoherdreamcollege BeijingFilmAcademy Lastyear the24 year oldactressplayedabadgirlLuoQingchuaninthetime travellingTVplay Palace TheplaybecameabigsuccessandmadeYangveryfamous Couldshebeanyluckier Yangdoesn tthinkluckhadanythingtodowithhersuccess Everychanceisgained 获得 fromtheeffortsI vemade saidYang Peoplenowthinkshe sveryhard working Shestillremembersthetimewhenpeoplegaveherthecoldeyes 80 解析 主旨大意题通读全文可知 杨幂的成功是通过努力的工作 is very hard working works very hard makesefforts hasmadeefforts 主题句 2020 4 3 15 河南中考 55 Whatdoesthepassagetellus 主题句 2020 4 3 16 篇尾 Ifyousleeponyourside youhaveusuallygotawell balanced 平衡的 personality Youknowyourstrengthsandweaknesses You reusuallycareful Youhaveaconfidentpersonality Yousometimesfeelworried butyoudon toftengetunhappy Youalwayssaywhatyouthink evenifitmakespeopleangry 主题句 主题句 2020 4 3 17 第三段 Ifyousleeponyourstomach youareapersonwholikestokeepsecrets Youworryalotandyou realwayseasilybecomingsad Youneverwanttochangeyourideas butyouaresatisfiedwithyourlifethewayitis Youusuallylivefortodaynotfortomorrow 第四段 Ifyousleeponcurledup 蜷缩 youareprobablyaverynervousperson Youhavealowopinionofyourselfandoftenprotectyourselffrombeinghurt soyouareverydefensive You reshyandyoudon tusuallylikemeetingpeople Youliketobeonyourown 主题句 主题句 2020 4 3 18 河北卷 任务型阅读 79 找出并写下第三段的主题句 2020 4 3 19 阅读理解如何做好推断题 2020 4 3 20 推理判断题解起来最有难度 因为这类试题对学生的要求更高 它不仅要求考生读懂文章 还要求考生要读透文章 并结合自己的一些课外知识方能做出准确的判断 2020 4 3 21 推断题的特点 2020 4 3 22 推断题主要有以下几种类型 2020 4 3 23 一 针对细节和事实的逻辑推理 1 简单的数字推理题2 细节推理题这类题目主要是推断文章出处 事发地点 人物关系等 3 事实推理题推理 事实 逻辑 2020 4 3 24 二 针对上下文之间逻辑关系的推断 1 利用句子之间承接与转换关系推断 NowandagainIhavehadhorribledreams butnotenoughofthemmakemelosemydelightindreams Mostpeopledonotseemtoacceptdreamingaspartoftheirlives Theyappeartoseeitasanannoyinglittlehabit likesneezing 打喷嚏 Icanneverunderstandthis Mydreamlifedoesnotseemasimportantasmywakinglifebecausethereisfarlessofit buttomeitisimportant Q Whatistheauthor sattitudetowarddreaming A HelikesitB Hethinksitpuzzling C HeusedtolikeitD Hedislikesit 2020 4 3 25 2 利用段落的衔接与过渡词推断 Wehavesavedasafinalsetofemotionsthetwomostimportantemotions 情感 towardsotherpeople loveanditsopposite hate Lovecanbeseeneverywhere Yetsurprisingly lovehasbeenthesubjectoflessscientificresearchthanotheremotions suchasangerandfear Thereasonforthismaybetwofold First loveisaverycomplex 复杂的 emotion difficulttodescribeandmeasure Secondly unlikemanyextremeemotions extremeloveisgenerallynotaproblem thuslessmedicalattentionhasbeenpaidtoit Q Inthepreviouspassage theauthorhasprobablybeendiscussing A thetwomostimportanthumanemotions loveandhateB someemotionsthatareonlyproducedbyanimalsC someothersetsofhumanemotionsthanofloveandhateD noneoftheabove 2020 4 3 26 3 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理Afterabusydayofworkandplay thebodyneedstorest Sleepisnecessaryforgoodhealth Duringthistime thebodyrecoversfromtheactivitiesoftheday Therestthatyougetwhilesleepingmakesitpossibleforyourbodytoprepareitselfforthenextday Q Thetextsuggeststhatnotgettingenoughsleepmightmakeyou A sufferfrompoorhealthB feeltiredandnervousC dreammoreoftenD breathequickly 2020 4 3 27 三 针对作者观点和态度的推断 1 注意作者使用对比的写作手法Familyresearchersofferavarietyofreasonsfortheseevolvingrolesandattitudes Theyseethe1960sasaturningpoint Greatculturalchangesledtomoreopencommunicationandamoredemocraticprocessthatencourageseveryonetohaveasay Myparentswereonthe before sideofthatchange buttoday sparents the40 year olds wereonthe after side explainsMr Ballmer It snotsomethingeasilyaccomplishedbyparentsthesedays becauselifeismoredifficulttounderstandordealwith butsharinginterestsdoesmakeitmorefuntobeaparentnow Q Bysaying today sparents the40 year olds wereonthe after side theauthormeansthattoday sparentsA followthetrendofthechangeB cansetalimittothechangeC failtotakethechangeseriouslyD havelittledifficultyadjustingtothechange 2020 4 3 28 2 注意仔细琢磨作者表达情感及对某事的态度的用词方式 肯定 certainly nodoubt surely 不太肯定 possibly maybe itissaidthat情感色彩 great terrific wonderfully sadly shame 2020 4 3 29 推理判断题的主要题型 一 推断人物性格特征 二 推测文段前后的内容 三 推断文章出处和来源 四 推断作者写作意图 五 推断隐含意义或文章的观点或结论 2020 4 3 30 一 推断人物性格特征设题形式有 Whatdoweknowaboutsomebodyinthetext Whatkindofmansomebodyis Somebodycanbesaidtobe 注意 把握字里行间的意思 尤其是人物的语言 注意表达情感 态度和观点的词语 2020 4 3 31 Passage1 Awell knownoldmanwasbeinginterviewedandwasaskedifitwascorrectthathehadjustcelebratedhisninety ninthbirthday That sright saidtheoldman Ninety nineyearsold andIhaven tanenemyintheworld They realldead Well sir saidtheinterviewer Ihopeverymuchtohavethehonorofinterviewingyouonyourhundredthbirthday Theoldmanlookedattheyoungmanclosely andsaid Ican tseewhyyoushouldn t Youlookfitandhealthytome Q Whatkindofmanwouldyousaytheoldmanwas Hewasill B Hewasveryproudandsureofhishealth C Hewasunconscious D Hewasverypolitetoyoungpeople 2020 4 3 32 Passage1 Awell knownoldmanwasbeinginterviewedandwasaskedifitwascorrectthathehadjustcelebratedhisninety ninthbirthday That sright saidtheoldman Ninety nineyearsold andIhaven tanenemyintheworld They realldead Well sir saidtheinterviewer Ihopeverymuchtohavethehonorofinterviewingyouonyourhundredthbirthday Theoldmanlookedattheyoungmanclosely andsaid Ican tseewhyyoushouldn t Youlookfitandhealthytome Q Whatkindofmanwouldyousaytheoldmanwas Hewasill B Hewasveryproudandsureofhishealth C Hewasunconscious D Hewasverypolitetoyoungpeople B 2020 4 3 33 二 推测文段前后的内容提问方式Ifyouweretocontinuethepassage whatwouldyouwriteabout Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith Thenextpartwouldmostlikelydiscuss 注意 做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路 如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写 也可能按因果关系 对比关系来叙述 从而做出比较科学的 合情合理的猜测 2020 4 3 34 Passage2 Weareinthecomputerage Weoftenseecomputersatwork Theyareespeciallyusefulinautomaticcontrol dataprocessing 数据处理 andsolvingcomplicatedproblems Andtheyarefindingtheirwayintothehome Thepartplayedbycomputersisbecomingevenmoreimportantwitheachpassingday Moreandcleverercomputerswillcontinuetoappear Theywillrunfaster havemorefunctionsandworkmuchmoreskillfully Theywilltakeovermoretasksfromus helpingtochangethefaceofourworld Somepeopleeventhinkthatsoonerorlatercomputerswillreplaceus However 2020 4 3 35 Passage2 Weareinthecomputerage Weoftenseecomputersatwork Theyareespeciallyusefulinautomaticcontrol dataprocessing 数据处理 andsolvingcomplicatedproblems Andtheyarefindingtheirwayintothehome Thepartplayedbycomputersisbecomingevenmoreimportantwitheachpassingday Moreandcleverercomputerswillcontinuetoappear Theywillrunfaster havemorefunctionsandworkmuchmoreskillfully Theywilltakeovermoretasksfromus helpingtochangethefaceofourworld Somepeopleeventhinkthatsoonerorlatercomputerswillreplaceus However 2020 4 3 36 Q Whichofthefollowingstatementswillbestcontinuethethirdparagraph A Computerswillsoonstopdeveloping B Manypeoplelikecomputersverymuch C Computersareascleverasman D Idonotthinkcomputerswillreplaceuscompletely D 2020 4 3 37 三 推断文章出处和来源设题形式有 Thepassageismostlikelytobefoundin Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear Thepassageismostlikelyapartof 2020 4 3 38 Passage3 Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine Doyouknowwhatismeantby Takeonlyasdirected Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem Toreducepain taketwotablets 药片 withwater followedbyonetableteveryeighthours asrequired Fornight timeandearlymorningrelief 缓解疼痛 taketwotabletsatbedtime Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty fourhours Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold givehalftheamount 量 Forchildrenundersixyearsold askyourdoctor sadvice Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine Q Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma A textbookB newsreel 新闻片 C doctor snotebookD bottleofmedicine 2020 4 3 39 Passage3 Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine Doyouknowwhatismeantby Takeonlyasdirected Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem Toreducepain taketwotablets 药片 withwater followedbyonetableteveryeighthours asrequired Fornight timeandearlymorningrelief 缓解疼痛 taketwotabletsatbedtime Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty fourhours Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold givehalftheamount 量 Forchildrenundersixyearsold askyourdoctor sadvice Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine Q Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma A textbookB newsreel 新闻片 C doctor snotebookD bottleofmedicine A 2020 4 3 40 解题技巧这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处 A 报纸 前面会出现日期 地点或通讯社名称 B 广告 因其格式特殊 容易辨认 C 产品说明 器皿 设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式 而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间 次数 药量等 D 网站 文中会出现click 点击 online 在线 web 网络 website 网址 等字眼 2020 4 3 41 四 推断作者写作意图设题形式 Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle Theauthorwritesthispassageto Theauthormention inthispassageinorderto 2020 4 3 42 Passage4 Giveyourchildrenpermissiontosucceed They rewaitingforyoutobelieveinthem Ialwaysknewmyparentslovedme Buttrustme Thatbeliefwillbemorecomplete thatlovewillbemorereal andtheirbeliefinthemselveswillbegreaterifyouwritethewordsontheirhearts Don tworry you lldosomethinggreat Nothavingthatblessingfromtheirparentsmaybetheonlythingholdingthemback Q Themainpurposeofthetextisto A describechildren sthinkingB answersomequestionschildrenhaveC stresstheimportanceofcommunicationD adviseparentstoencouragetheirchildren 2020 4 3 43 Passage4 Giveyourchildrenpermissiontosucceed They rewaitingforyoutobelieveinthem Ialwaysknewmyparentslovedme Buttrustme Thatbeliefwillbemorecomplete thatlovewillbemorereal andtheirbeliefinthemselveswillbegreaterifyouwritethewordsontheirhearts Don tworry you lldosomethinggreat Nothavingthatblessingfromtheirparentsmaybetheonlythingholdingthemback Q Themainpurposeofthetextisto A describechildren sthinkingB answersomequestionschildrenhaveC stresstheimportanceofcommunicationD adviseparentstoencouragetheirchildren D 2020 4 3 44 写作意图 toentertainreaders 娱乐读者 常见于故事类的文章 topersuadereaders 说服读者接受某种观点如议论类 或劝说购买某种产品或服务 常见于广告类的文章 toinformreaders 告知读者某些信息 多见于科普类 新闻报道类 文化类或社会类的文章 2020 4 3 45 五 推断隐含意义或文章的观点或结论这类题干中通常含有infer 推断 conclude 总结 suggest 表明 imply 暗示 等标志性词语常见的提问方式有 Itcanbeinferred concludedfromthepassage textthat Wecaninfer concludefromthepassagethat Thewritersuggeststhat Thestoryimpliesthat 2020 4 3 46 Passage5 Lukesawacrowdofpeopleinthepark Hewentovertoseewhattheywerelookingat Inthemiddleofthecrowdwasawoman Shewaspaintingapictureofasmallboy Lukelookedatthepictureandsaid Iwishshewouldpaintmypicture Q Whatcanweinferfromthepassage A Noonewaswatchingthewomanpaint B Thewomanwaspaintinginthepark C Lukethoughtthewomanwasagoodartist 2020 4 3 47 Passage5 Lukesawacrowdofpeopleinthepark Hewentovertoseewhattheywerelookingat Inthemiddleofthecrowdwasawoman Shewaspaintingapictureofasmallboy Lukelookedatthepictureandsaid Iwishshewouldpaintmypicture Q Whatcanweinferfromthepassage A Noonewaswatchingthewomanpaint B Thewomanwaspaintinginthepark C Lukethoughtthewomanwasagoodartist C 2020 4 3 48 Passage6 Justascryingcanbehealthy notcrying holdingbacktearsofanger painorsuffering canbebadforphysical 身体的 health Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure heartproblemsandsomeotherillnesses Ifyouhaveahealthproblem doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry Butwhenyoufeellikecrying don tfightit It sanatural andhealthy emotionalresponse 反应 Q Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat A therearetwowaystokeephealthyB cryingdoesmoregoodtohealththanlaughingC cryingandlaughingplaythesamerolesD emotionalhealthhasacloserelationshiptophysicalhealth 2020 4 3 49 Passage6 Justascryingcanbehealthy notcrying holdingbacktearsofanger painorsuffering canbebadforphysical 身体的 health Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure heartproblemsandsomeotherillnesses Ifyouhaveahealthproblem doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry Butwhenyoufeellikecrying don tfightit It sanatural andhealthy emotionalresponse 反应 Q Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat A therearetwowaystokeephealthyB cryingdoesmoregoodtohealththanlaughingC cryingandlaughingplaythesamerolesD emotionalhealthhasacloserelationshiptophysicalhealth D 2020 4 3 50 技巧点拨 从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索 忠实原文 切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意 全面分析 切忌以偏概全 不要选择表层信息 2020 4 3 51 61 ManyfarmersinAfricancountiesusedAbba sinventionto A storewetclothB getwarmC keepfoodsfreshD winaprize 重庆中考 类型 细节推断 第三段 Itusestwoclaypots 陶罐 Thereisasmallerpotinsidealagerone Thespacebetweenthetwopotsisfilledwithwetsand Fruit vegetablesordrinkscanbeputintothesmallerpot Awetclothcoversthewholecoolingsystem Somefoodscanbekeptfreshforseveralweeksinit 方法技巧 首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字 然后加以分析 61 根据Somefoodscanbekeptfreshforseveralweeksinit与SoonitbecamepopularwithfarmersinotherAfricancountries 答案 C 第四段 Abbabuiltfivethousandpot in potsystemsforthevillagersinhishometown Thenpeoplealloverthecountrybeganusingtheinvention SoonitbecamepopularwithfarmersinotherAfricancountries 2020 4 3 52 湖北十堰中考 2020 4 3 53 河南中考 Iwouldliketosay thankyou tothatverykindwoman andtellherthatfouryearslater Markwenthousetohousecollectingblankets 毯子 andclothesforthehomelesspeopleinthefire AndIwanttopromiseherthatMarkwillneverforgettokeeppassingiton 2020 4 3 54 Practicemakesperfect 2020 4 3 55 Practice1Theownerofalargecompany whowasabouttotakeatripoverseas droppedintohisofficeearlyinthemorningtomakesomearrangements Hewastelephoningforaticketforhistripwhenthenightwatchmancamein whowasbackfromwork andsaid Goodmorning tohisowner Thenhetoldhimthathehaddreamedthatverynightofhisemployer splanecrashingaftertake off Theownerwassurprisedtohearthis Hedecided however therewassomethinginwhatthenightwatchmansaid Hepostponedhistrip Asthingsturnedout thenightwatchman sdreamwascorrect Thatdaytheplaneexplodedjustafte