定语从句精讲讲练+100练习题

一 定语从句的定义和结构 在句子中起定语作用 修饰居中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句 被修饰的名词或代词称为先 行词 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导 当关系代词作定语从句的主语时 其后的谓语动词的人 称代词和数取决于先行词的人称和数 定语从句一般位于先行词的后面 定语从句由关系代词 who whom whose which that as 和关系副 词 when where why 等引导 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任一个成分 二 关系代词引导的定语从句 1 who 指人 在从句中作主语 如 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a Policeman Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7 50 a m That is the man who teached us English 2 whom 指人 在从句中作宾语 常可省略 如 Mrs Smith whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine The professor whom you wish to see has come 3 whose 通常指人 也可以指物 在从句中作定语 如 This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in 4 which 指事物 在从句中作主语或宾语 做宾语时 常可省略 如 Guilin is a city which has a history of 2000 years A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of the words The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring which he had lost on the train 5 that 指事物 也可指人 在从句中作主语或宾语 做宾语时 常可省略 如 There are some films that I d like to see She is the only one among us that knows French 三 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 when 表示时间 其先行词往往是表示时间的名词 如 time day hour year 等 如 October 1 1949 was the day when the People s Republic of China was founded From the time when he was little he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up 2 where 表示地点 其先行词往往是表示地点的名词 如 place room house street area 等 如 This is the place where my mother was born Is this the room where we were living last night 3 why 表示原因 常用在先行词 reason 后面 如 I don t know the reason why she looks unhappy today The reason why he said that is quite clear 四 关系代词前带介词的定语从句 1 关系代词 which whom 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时 从句常由 介词 which 或 whom 引出 如 Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live The film of which I m speaking is to be shown at the People s Cinema next week This is the teacher from whom we ve learnt a lot The policeman with whom Mr Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine 2 这类从句中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾 这是关系代词可以省略 如 The situation which we had got into was very dangerous The man whom we sent the present to is a doctor of laws 3 定语从句也可以由 名词 或代词或数词 介词 which 或 whom 引出 如 The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired We have two spare rooms upstairs neither of which has been much used in the past two years 五 关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 As 也可用作关系代词 既可以单独引出定语从句 又可以与主句中的 the same 或 such 相呼应 从句中 谓语动词常省略 如 We jumped for joy at the news as was natual We do the same work as they do He is not the same man as he was I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using We will give you such information as will help you in your work 六 几组词用法的区别 1 that 与 which 的用法区别 两者都可指物 常可互换 其区别主要在于 1 引导非限制性定语从句时 通常要用 which 如 She received an invitation from her boss which came as a surprise 2 直接放在介词后作宾语时 通常要用 which 如 The tool with which he is working is called a hammer 3 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时 much little none all few every thing any thing no thing 等 时 通常用 that 如 There was little that the enemy could do but surrender All Everything that can be done must be done 4 当先行词有 the very the only the same 等修饰时 通常用 that 如 This is the only example that I know Those are the very words that he used 5 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词 包括 last next 等 等修饰时 通常用 that 如 This is the best dictionary that I ve ever used The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan 6 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时 通常用 that 如 China is not the country that it was 7 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时 通常用 that 如 They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them 8 当要避免重复时 如 Which is the course that we are to take 2 that 与 who 的用法区别 1 两者均可指人 有时可互换 如 All that who heard him were delighted Have you met anybody that who has been to Paris He is the only one among us that who knows Russian 2 但是在下列情况 通常要用 that 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时 如 I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad 当先行词是 who 时 为避免重复 如 Who was it that won the World Cup in1982 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时 可省略 如 Tom is not the boy that he was 3 as 与 which 的用法区别 1 引导限制性定语从句时 在 such as thesame 后只能用 as 其他情况用 which 如 I never heard such stories as he tells 我从未听过他讲那样的故事 It s the same story as I heard yesterday 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样 This is the photo which shows my house 这张照片拍的是我的住宅 2 引导非限制性定语从句时 有时两者可互换 如 I live a long way from work as which you know 我住得离工作单位很远 这你是知道的 3 但在 在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时 两者不可换用 当从句位于主句前面时 只用 as 如 As is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once every month as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致 which 无此限制 如 He went abroad as which was expected 他出国了 这是大家预料到的 He went abroad which was unexpected 他出国了 这让大家感到很意外 不用 as as 引导非限制性定语从句时 先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词 而应是整个句子 整个短语或某个短语推断 出来的概念 而 which 则无此限制 如 The river which flows through London is called the Thames 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河 不用 as 当 as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时 其谓语通常应是连系动词 而不宜是其他动词 而 which 则无此限制 如 She has married again as which seemed natural 她又结婚了 这似乎很自常 She has married again which delighted us 她又结婚了 这使我们很高兴 不用 as 4 who 与 whom 的用法区别 两者均只用于人 从理论上说 who 为主格 whom 为宾格 如 Where s the girl who sells the tickets The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply 但实际上 除非在正式文体中 宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用 或用 who 或 that 代之 如 The man that who whom you met just now is called Jim 不过 在以下几种情况值得注意 1 直接跟在介词后面作宾语时 只能用 whom 而且不能省略 如 She brought with her three friends none of whom I had ever met before 2 引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时 who 和 whom 均可用 但以用 whom 为佳 此时也不能省略 如 This is Jack who whom you haven t met before 七 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1 有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用 使该词的含义更具体 更明确 这种定语从句称为限制性定 语从句 这类从句不能省掉 否则句子的意义就不完整 如 Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7 50 a m He is the man whom I want to see 注 限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开 限制向定语从句修饰的是名词或代词 限制性定语 从句中的关系代词在句中作宾语时可省略 2 定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切 只是作一些附加说明 不起限制作用 这种从句称为 非限制性定语从句 这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开 如 Mr Zhang who came to see me yesterday is an old friend of my father s We walked down the village street which they were having market day 注 有时这类定语从句所修饰的不是前面一个的某一个词 而是代表整个主句所讲的内容 通常用逗 号与主句分开 He gave her mother a color TV set for her birthday which pleased her a lot They are coming back to us which means that they have been refused elsewhere 八 使用定语从句应注意的几个问题 1 关系代词在从句中作主语时 从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定 如 The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently The student who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow 2 定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词 中间由一个定语 状语或谓语隔开 如 There is an expression in his eyes that I can t understand The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon 3 引导定语从句的关系副词可以用 介词 which 来代替 如 October 1 1949 was the day on which when the People s Republic of China was founded This is the room in which where Lu Xun once lived 4 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时 短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开 如 The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk The sick man whom she is looing afrer is her father 5 注意介词与关系代词的位置 介词在关系代词前 只能用 which 和 whom 且不能省略 介词在句尾 关系代词可用 which that whom 口语中也可以用 who 且可省略 如 This is the room in which we lived last year This is the room we lived in last year Who s the comrade whom you just shook hands with Who s the comrade with whom you just shook hands The room which that I live in is very nice The man whom who that you wrer talking about has come to school 6 关系代词和关系副词在从句中充当一个成分 因此使用时要注意在从句中避免句子成分的重复出现 1 Let me have a book at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday 2 This is the house where I lived in two years ago 两个特殊用法两个特殊用法 but 和 than 引导定语从句的用法 but 可被看作关系代词 引导定语从句 在句中作主语 在意义上相当于 who not 或 that not 即用在 否定词或具有否定意义的词后 构成双重否定 如 There is no mother but loves her children 没有不爱自己孩子的母亲 There was no one present but knew the story already 在场的人都知道这个故事 二 than 作关系代词时 一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中 其结构为形容词比较级 more than 从句 than 在从句中作主语 相当于 that 代表它前面的先行词 这时 它兼有 连词和代词的性质 也有学者认为这种用法的 than 是连词 后面省略了主语 what 如 The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary He got more money than was wanted 运用上述知识翻译下列句子 1 任何人都喜欢被赞扬 but There is no one but likes to be praised 2 我们大家都想去桂林 but There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin 3 没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子 but There is no man but feels pity for those starving children 4 我们班上没有一个人不想帮你 but There is no one in our class but wants to help you 5 无论多么荒凉 多么难以行走的地方 人们也能把它变成战畅 but There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war 6 这件事情比想象的要复杂 than This matter is more complex than is imagined 7 这个广告的效果比预想的要好 than This advertisement is more affective than is expected 8 这个问题看起来容易 实际上很难 than The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear 9 他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要 than He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded 10 因为这项工程非常困难 所以需要投入更多的劳动力 than The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult 练习题 1 I have a friend has a good camera A who B whom C whose D be 2 The man today left this message for you A called B has called C whom called D who called 3 The man is our new teacher A whom you spoke B whom you spoke to C with whom you spoke D you spoke with whom 4 I don t think the number of the people this happens is very large A whom B who C of whom D to whom 5 Do you work near the building color is yellow A that B which C whose D its 6 Here is the girl school bag has been stolen A who B whom C whose D her 7 The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250 000 A who B whom C whose D which 8 It sounded like a train was going under my house A who B which C D whom 9 The car my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake A that B whom C who D whose 10 The boy we saw yesterday was John s brother A which B whom C whose D what 11 The swimmer you are asking about is over there A whom B which C whose D what 12 The building window are bright at night is our school A which B that C whom D whose 13 Is the river through that town very large A which flows B flows C that flowing D whose flows 14 The games in the young men competed were difficult A whom B whose C which D that 15 He helped his fatheron the town they lived A which B that C when D where 16 That s the Science Museum we visited last year A where B to which C which D in which 17 That s the factory we paid a visit last year A where B to which C which D in which 18 She likes to use words is clear to her A of which the meaning B of which meaning C whose of meaning D meaning of which 19 This is the house we used to sleep A where B which C that D when 20 This was a time there were still salves in the USA A which B that C when D where 21 Her sister you met at my home was a teacher of English A whom B that C which D 22 I m one of the boys never late for school A that is B who is C who are D who am 23 He is the most boring speakers I have ever heard A who B that C whose D which 24 Mr Anderson I thought died 3 years ago is still living A who B whom C that D which 25 He is the last person I want to see A who B whom C that D which 26 Did you ask the guard what happened Yes he told me all he knew A about which B which C that D which 27 John was the only one I had visited A which B that C whom D who 28 The second book I want to read is Red Star Over China A which B what C that D as 29 The boy handed everything he had picked up in the street to the police A which B what C that D whatever 30 There is nothing in the world can frighten me A that B who C which D whom 31 Who knows him would trust him A whom B that C who D which 32 The man and the horse fell into the river were drowned A which B who C of which D that 33 Which of the trains is the one goes to Nanjing A which B of which C of these D that 34 Look at the girl and the dog are crossing the bridge A which B who C that D they 35 You may borrow any book A that you interest B which you are interested C that interests you D which interests you 36 I ll never forget the days I stayed in your beautiful country A when B in which C on which D on that 37 September 18 1931 is the day we ll never forget A when B on which C on that D that 38 I know a place we can have a quiet talk A which B where C chen D that 39 Is there any fruit shop nearby we can buy some fruits A at that B at where C whicn D at which 40 I see no reason this cannot be done right now A but B why C how D which 41 The building all older university teachers prefer looks so beautiful A at which B where C which D on which 42 You may stay you like A for how long B for which long C at which D where 43 The only language is easy to learn is the mother tongue A which B whose C that D it 44 Have you seen the girl A that I told B I told you of C whom I told you D I told you of him 45 The dictionary is sold out in the bookshop A you need B which you need it C what you need D that you need it 46 Is this the shop sells children s clothing A what B which C in which D where 47 The company I visited last year was not the one I once worked A which which B where which C which where D where where 48 The orphan came from Henan Province is far away from here A which B that C where D in which 49 They rely on themselves is much better A what B that C who D which 50 You are the very man they are looking for at the moment A that B which C whom D who 51 He said he had red a book was a lie A about which B which C of which D of courses is 52 They are the boys I went to school with A which B where C whom D when 53 we know more than 70 percent of the earth is covered with water A Which B As C Because D That 54 He was in a traffic jam made him late for school A that B what C how D which 55 I don t like the people lose their temper easily A whose B which C whom D who 56 You d better make a mark you have any questions you read a book A in the place while B to the place where C where D in the place where when 57 The reason he was late for school was that he had been knocked down by a bike A why B where C when D that 58 That was I wanted A which B the one what C the one D one which 59 This is the largest clock in the world the minute hand is 6 meters long A where B of which C whose D which 60 Look The dictionary is red is a birthday gift given by father A which cover B the cover of which C the whose cover D that the cover 61 Do you still remember one evening a week ago I came to your room and borrowed a damond necklace A that B which C when D where 62 Which apple do you want I want the biggest is on the plate A one B which C it D that 63 She didn t tell us the reason she had given up the chance A for that B for which C for it D because of which 64 Who can think of a situation the idiom is ofen used A where B which C that D how 65 They are carrying some empty boxes these books will be placed A in which B in what C in there D at which 66 Bamboo grows best in the place it is warm and rains often A which B where C that D as 67 Is this factory some German friends visited last Sunday A that B where C which D the one 68 Is this the factory you visited last month A that B where C in which D the one 69 Is this the factory he worked 20 years ago A that B where C which D the one 70 Those not only from books but also through practice will succeed A learn B who C that learns D who learn 71 Can you lend me the novel the other day A that you talked B you talked about it C which you talked with D you talked about 72 Anyone this opinion may speak out A who is against B who are against C who against D that against 73 A room we do experiments is a lab A where B that C which D in that 74 Mr Herpin is one of the foreign experts who in China A works B is working C are working D has been working 75 She had two daughters became doctors A all of them B both of them C all of whom D both of whom 76 Don t talk about such things you are not sure of A that B what C thoes D as 77 They talk for about an hour of the things and persons they remembered A which B that C whom D who 78 The children were all interested in they had seen in the exhibition A which B that all C all what D all that 79 is known to us all the earth moves around the sun A This B That C It D As 80 Children should not have more money is needed A than B that C that D whose 81 This is the very child parents were killed in the war A who B that C whose D whom 82 The number of the visitors we had expected was well over 200 A that B as C who D where 83 There is no child loves