材料与建造过程外文翻译

材料与建造过程外文翻译材料与建造过程外文翻译 文章出处John P Cook P E CompositeConstruction Methods John Wileyitself workingin pression even thecolors that are puttogether in a simplebut deliberatemanner There isno doubtthat thesimple actof holdinga stonein theair can be amatter ofexpression The workthat Idid theWohlen HighSchool inAargau Switzerland required meto make a seriesof interventionsin someexisting buildings I addedan entrance a centralhall a roof for thelibrary and anotherrooffor the great hall In this project I changedmaterials severaltimes One partwas builtin concreteand steel another part in steeland glass another one in woodand concrete Along with the experimentationwith materials using particularmaterials forparticular solutions I alsointroduced anothertheme I thoughtthat itwould beinteresting to work with the light controlling itdifferently foreach particularspace The idea of the entrance wasgenerated from the existingplan and its geometry The planwas atrapezoid which I cut with a diagonalto createa canopythat consistsof twocones attachedby anarch One worksin crosssection thatprovides torsionalresistance andalso holdsthe gutter Even thoughthe pipehas torsionalstiffness I usedit herefor thepurpose ofcresting alink between the fa ade and the canopy so that these elementswork togetherin thesame gesture An ensemblehas to bee asingle thing And ofcourse independent of the factof construction it is clear looking especiallyat theelevation that there is the ideaof a leaf or apalm A very figurative idea was part of thedesign There iscertainly behindmy veryfirst approach this freeapproach to architecturea lookingfor inspirationin naturalforms The simpleobservation ofthings motivatesme asmuch as the materialaspects of architecture do The secondintervention atWohlen HighSchool is an entryspace There Imade acircular cupolain wood The shapewas verystraightforward a circlewas subdividedinto radialsegments These segmentswere madeusing av thatIcut opening the interior I replacedthe portionof thecrease thatwas removedwith a linear elementthat signifiesthe pressionin thiselement I separatedthe differentponents of the cupola s supportin orderto makevisible all the differenttypes ofsupport and to createa freering aroundthe periphery This tensionring is floating The ideaof defyinggravity isexpressed inshowing thisring making itvisible butnot structurallysignificant and thenpushing backthe cornersupports of the vsegments which arethe realsupports of the cupola The lightes infrom behind the cupola at itsbase andthrough thecreases ofits triangularsegments The surfacesbehindthecupola disappearin this light so thatyou getthe impressionthat the whole thingisfloatingin theinterior space It isclear when yousee allthose shapestogether that theycanbeassociated withpetals In alibrary the controlof thelight and the relationshipof thelight to the spaceis even more important I thoughtit necessaryto liberatethe wallsandto create tangentiallight as LouisKahn mightdo I decided to make the roof an the center of the spaceseem to float Its mainsupport is a columntoward whichthe roofinclines andthrough whichrain wateris channeled The roof is ashell posedof severalshells The cornersare held in placeso that the roofwill notmove laterally but allthe weightis supportedthrough the center column Then lightdescends along the walls tangentially For thegenesis of the ideaI startedthinking abouta bookan openbook Again as inseveral othercases the ideaof the roof asfloating cameto mind This is a themein whichthe ideaof lightnessis embedded and lightnessis oftencreated becauseof thecontraposition ofmaterials or of staticsystems If theroofisheavy and the spindleislight this contrapositionof twomaterials binedwiththelight coningfrom thesides willmake the whole roofseem tofly The basisfor theform of the shellwas not the usualhyperboloid orparaboloid it wasa book an openbook At thesame time the shellalso wanted to beea bird It is a kind of superpositionof concepts You canalso seea leafin it heldin the spindlesupport With thedesign of the greathall or auditorium what Iwanted toachieve wasquite simple I proposedmaking theroof emergeby creatinga parabolic arch on theinteriorthat supportsa raisedshell that is independentof thewalls At eachside of the shellis agutter anda longitudinalwindow thatbrings lightto theinterior very softlyemphasizing theunderside of the shelland bringingtransparency to the repetitive oblique elementsthat aretransferring theweight of theroofto thearch These obliqueelements areall standardizedpiecesofwood approximatelythree inchesby threeinches The parabolicarch andan upperarch supportingthe shellare oflaminated wood The spaceis veryintimate partially becauseof thedecision touse wood The contrastbetween light and patternon theinterior alsocontributes tothis intimacy As in theentrancecanopy thereisthe ideaof apalm tree Also and thismay be veryfigurative I wastrying toexpress the ideaof the forceof theparabolicarchtransferring to the column Many peoplethink the column topisareminiscence of an Ioniapital which isnotthecase It ismore like the headofaram The columnswere pre cast inconcrete I likevery muchbrute concrete concrete doneon site but ore casting canbeveryinteresting becauseof theplexity andfreedom offorms thatyou canachieve In Valencia in mymother language we usedtoo sayFORMIGO FORMIGN esfrom FORMA In Spanish concrete isBORMIGON with h replacing the f of FORMIGO FORMIGO meansmaterial towhich you can giveform This isagooddefinition ofconcrete With pre cast concreteyou arevery freeto choosethe shape the texture and many other characteristicsof thematerial We castthe columnsfor thegreathallin themost economicalway We cutthe columnin twoand casteach halfhorizontally and then gluedthem together This hasanother advantagein thatalltheexposed surfacesin theend arefinished surfaces you do not seeany of the placesin which you havebeen castingthe concrete Ernsting s Warehousein Coesfeld Germany is alsoan earlywork It wanan exercisein how to cladan existingwarehouse andgive itnew signification The firstdecision Ineeded tomade wasaboutthematerials which had to bevery economical So wedecidedtouse concreteand crudealuminum thatyoucan get veryeasily You canpurchase itcorrugated orflat youcangetit inmany ways andit is easytoworkwith We investigatedhowtotransform thisbuilding not onlymaterially but also thematically The limitationof thematerial createda significantrestriction the ideaof workingwith atheme here the pintoresque allowed usa certainfreedom By pintoresque I meanlike apaining each fa ade shouldappear like a differentpainting executedin thesame twomaterials The materialcreates aunity andthetreatment of thematerialmakes eachfa ade differentfrom the others The southfa ade wasdone usingcorrugated aluminum made intoa sinusoidalcurve This givesthe fa ade adouble rigidity because theconvex segmentsof the curve areheld at the insidewith transversalconnections This curvegives onelevel ofrigidity andthe corrugationof themetal itselfprovides asecond rigidity permitting us to makequite atall fa ade In orderto emphasize the movement of thecurve we cutthe fa ade at the topand bottomon anoblique angle so thatlooking from the front in elevation the sectionof thesinusoid is evenmoreaentuated Looking upto the top of the fa ade thecurveisclearand readable The clientsaid thatfor safetyreasons heneeded alot oflight on the exterior so weput lampson the fa ade sothat theshadows of the lampsfollow thecurve They createdrawings onthe fa ade and thisis quite a plasticrelationship This isthe southfa ade which meansthat themovementof the sunduring theday makesa verysignificant changein thefa ade itself In thecurve yousee shadowsof thelightandalsothereflection ofthe sun Vertical vibrationsare producedby thereflection ofthe sunin thecorrugations ofthe aluminum The fa ade isextremely sensitive changing withthe hoursoftheday with horizontal light with verticallight The obliquecut at the basemakes thefa ade seemtofloatand moveover the concrete structure On thenorth fa ade the problemwas different because ithas justzenith light a verydiffused light ambient light So howdo youemphasizetheplasticity ofthefa ade inzenith light I proposedusing ans profileplaced horizontallyonthefa ade invery longpieces as longas possible which meansmaybe tenmeters or thirtyfeet long In thisprofile the centersection onthediagonal will generatequite areflection At thetop edgewhere thetwo profilesoverlap youwill getshadow Then again less reflectionatthebottom ofthe profile until itbreaks inshadow again This makesalinearstructure butone that is sensitizedto thezenith light On the east fa ade weused corrugatedplates seventeenmeters high The problemhere was to putthem onin onepiece andto holdthem inplace withsmall elementsatthebottom andthetop The eastside is very flat confronting thehorizontallightofthemorning sun There wasan elevatorbody onthis sidethat neededto beclad In orderto distinguishit fromthe restofthefa ade weused scales like thoseofafish but verybig ones made ofaluminum that foldatthecorners and into thetop So again each oneof these facades isconceived asa separatepicture I spokebefore ofthe pintoresque meaning like a painting But howdo youlink thesedifferent paintings thesefacades From thevery beginning was likea foreignbody The westfa ade hasalmost thesame lightconditions astheeastfa ade the sunsetting versusthe sunrising It wasalso doneusing thosevery largepanels ofcorrugated aluminum It incorporatesthree largegates for the lorriesthat ein and go outeveryday There arealotof them Many lorrieswait atthe door The gatesopen andthe lorriesgo inor out If youlook atthese doors atthe building s scales and atother things thebuildingsomewhat resemblesa whale And withthe lorriesgoing inand out it is like thestory ofJonas or likethe elephantandthesnake ofSt Exupery There ishere atheme ofswallowing You see it is also veryimportant this kindof game The sculptureI showedatthebeginning ofthe lecturewas madewith toys It wasan exercisefor meto takemy children s toysandthethings in my house pencils the cordthat hangsthe curtains whatever Ifound and makethe sculpture The elementalityoftheexercise orofthe thought takes absolutelynothing awayfromtheplexity spontaneousand simple Iwantto walk Where amo going That isthe question But you know to walkis justa verynatural thing a verysimple thing A verylong tripneeds tobe startedwith asmall step These thoughtsofthewhale are in myopinion an effortto passfromthe pintoresque to thetextual andto givethewholething alife In thewarehouse doors the moduleisacontinuation ofthe moduleofthefa ade The piecesofthefa ade areall veryrepetitive only thelength ofeach haschanged In thisthereisa verybeautiful idea It isthe ideathatafa ade canbe transformed The ideaof transformation of metamorphosis isamother ofevolution inarchitecture an unbelievablemother It isnot onlybecause wecan deploymechanical andphysical elementsto createnew architecturesbased onthe ideaof metamorphosisbut alsobecause weare maturingin ourneeds andin ourunderstanding ofculture thatnow isthe momentto introducethese ponentsinto architectureinamajor way Can youimagine for example a whole fa ade thatgets transformed Not justhalf afa ade like inthisproject but thewholefa ade likeacurtain openingfrom oneside to the other This is inmyopinion feasible todayand certainlya challengefor thenew generationandin the evolutionof architecture The StadelhofenRailroad Station in Zurichis sitedon hillside In section you havethe lakeof Zurichthat usedto extendto thebase of this hill a morainemade byglacial deposits Early settlerswalled offpartofthe laketocreatea flatarea upon which theystarted building Later the railroadcame andmade acut into the hillfor tworail lines The cutseparated twoareas ofvery differentcharacter a situationthat isstill preservedtoday on oneside it isveryurban and onthe otherside very green Our exercisewastoenlarge the station It isa stationthat isheavily traffickedand ohatisimportant within the regionalrailway scheme Our interventionconsidered thefact that there wasan existingcut fromwhich we hadtostep back cutting deeperintothehill The basicideawasto conserverthe originaledge ofthe cut so astobeable toretain thegreen conditionabove it For this we proposeda wall like structurethatispermanently anchoredtothehill The wallsupports thehouses builton it which areoften veryclose tothe edgeofthe site Gardens anda pergolawere createdalongthewall preserving thecharacter ofthe upperpartofthe siteand allowingfor thepossibility ofpeople promenadingabove whilepassengers waitforthe train below Beneath thetrain lineswe builtan undergroundarcade forshops which makesthe linktotheplatforms moresafe andmore interesting There weremanyotherissues technicalin naturethat conditionedthe constructionprocess For instance thesiteonwhichwe workedwas verynarrow sometimes onlytwenty seven meters or niyfeet in width There werehouses onboth sides so fortechnical reasonswe hadto gounderground asmuch asfourteen meters or aboutforty five feetAlso wehadto buildthe projectwiththetrains circulatingthewholetime the trafficin thestation was never interrupted withatrain arrivingsometimes everytwo minutes This wasquiteachallenge onsuch atight site especially intermsofstaging andissues ofsafety I wasvery nervousbecause itwas oneofthefirst jobsin whichI wasresponsible forthe architectureandtheengineering This wasa bigthing but Ithoughtthatwe shouldalso havesome funwiththestation So inaddition torelating thestation tothe functioningoftheplex andtotheurban context I beganforthefirst timeto experimentwith ideasofthebody andthe open hand which signifiessincerity andopenness From theopenhandturned palm side down I chosethe areabetweenthethumb andindex fingerasthe shape ofthecolumn whichyouthen seerepeated severaltimes throughoutthe project I shouldalso explainthatthestation isgeodetic itisnot flat The trainse outofa tunnel undergroundandgoback intoatunnel The twosides ofthe tunnelare curveddownward insection and onlythecenterofthestation islevel So webuilt thestation slightlyarched The columnsare inclinedto remainperpendicular tothe contourofthearch but youdon tseethen aschanging inclinationone totheother If theywere vertical you wouldimmediately seeit but theyare inclinedin alldirections Even theunderground galleryislikethis The stationisalsocurved inplan This waspurely anengineering circumstance the planand section280meters long approximately900feet seem muchlonger thanitis because fromthecenterplatforms youdonotsee itsends So thecurves inboth planand sectionhelp theconcept You see theshape turning aroundlikeatorus emphasizes thedynamics ofthetrain Having thiskindofrotational geometrymakes itpossible toachieve adynamic effectinthearchitecture especially throughthe repetitionof elements