山西财经大学 语言学 重点

语言学第八章 给定对话 考生分析涉及什么语言学内容 设定情景 然后考生设定对话 Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning but the dif ference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean a What does X mean b What did you mean by X 东北师范大 学 2006 Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication part icularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and sit uations in which they are used Pragmatics includes the study of 1 How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowle dge of the real world 2 How speakers use and understand speech acts 3 How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationsh ip between the speaker and the hearer Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics which deals with m eaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences 36 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue Suppor t your argument with Cooperative Principle 南开大学 2004 A When is the bus coming B There has been an accident further up the road Yes B is cooperative On the face of it B s statement is not an answer to A s question B doesn t say when However A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning I don t know or I am not sure Just assume that B is being relevant and informative Given that B s answer contains relevant information A can work out that an accident further up the road conventionally involves traffic jam and traffic jam preludes bus coming Thus B s answer is not simply a statement of when the bus comes it contains an implica ture concerning when the bus comes 37 What is the function of context in communication Try to explai n the following utterances rather than just state facts 1 The room is messy 2 It would be good if she had a green skirt on It occurs before and or after a word a phrase or even a longer utt erance or a text The context often helps in understanding the partic ular meaning of the word phrase etc The context may also be t he broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used 1 a A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room b In a language class where a student made a mistake for he inten ded to say tidy c The room was wanted for a meeting 2 a A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has com plimented on a lady s appearance B A regret that the customer had not taken the dress c That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on t he occasion 分析语料 运用 音系 1 语音学 1 1 voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop p speak 2 low front vowel pat 3 lateral liquid l life 4 velar nasal n sing 5 voiced interdental fricative z zero 词汇学 1 What are the main features of the English compounds Orthographically a compound can be written as one word two separate words with or without a hyphen in between Syntactically the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element Semantically the meaning of a compound is idiomatic not calculable from themeanings of all its components Phonetically the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element 语义学 2 认知语言学 1 结合语言学内容 以及自己语言学习经历 说一下对 competence 的 理解 即 competence 指什么 应该包括什么内容 Competence According to Chomsky a language user s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence It is an essential part of performance It is the speaker s knowledge of his or her language that is of its sound structure its words and its grammatical rules Competence is in a way an encyclopedia of language Moreover the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious A transformational generative grammar is a model of competence According my personal experience of learning English competence can be specifically divided to four abilities whi