职称英语A阅读判断教材原题与译文

第十二篇第十二篇 Inquesttoldofhospitalerror 尸检揭示医疗事故尸检揭示医疗事故 A HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis DVT ravaged his body an inquest heard Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital saying that his death was untimely and unnecessary Mr Newbold a 52 year old maintenance worker went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1 Fragmin a drug which counters the effects of DVT However hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward where he stayed for two days before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon Twenty four hours later on November 6 doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee The operation went ahead on November 10 but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism a condition related to DVT Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16 Giving evidence the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later York coroner Donald Coverdale said From November 3 until the day of the operation no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeon s care from day one it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT but does not eliminate it It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure Kim Daniells Mr Newbold s family s lawyer said The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors and that no other families will have to suffer in the future A spokeswoman for York Hospital s NHS Trust said We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time 词汇 ward n 病房 vein n 血管 thrombosis n 血栓 clot n 凝块 maintenance n 维修 维护 Fragmin n 法安明 又名片段化蛋白 staff n 员工 职工 consultant n 顾问 咨询 会诊医师 surgeon n 心血管外科顾问 knee n 膝盖 embolism n 栓塞 栓塞形成 verdict n 裁决 misadventure n 灾难 不幸遭遇 意外事故 sympathy n 同情 注释 1 be treated with 被用 药物进行治疗 2 be admitted to 被收容至 被移送至 本文中是 被送至病房 练习 1 The patient was admitted with an injured foot A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 2 The patient was admitted to the surgical ward A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 3 The patient did not get the correct medication A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 4 The patient died before he could be operated on A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 5 The patient died of brain damage A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 6 It was decided that the patient s death had been an accident A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 7 Mr Newbold s family s lawyer was not qualified A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned 答案与题解 1 A 从文中第二段的第一句话可以看出 病人是因为感觉右脚胀痛而去医院的 a swollen right foot 而从文章第二段的第三行最后一句话 However hospital staff 可以看 出他是被医院容留住院了 只不过是去错了病房 2 B 从文章第二段第三行最后一句话可以看出 病人起初并未被直接送至外科病房 而是被送去了骨科病房 从第二段第四行整句话可以看出 病人在骨科病房被观察了两日 后才被转送进行心血管诊断 3 A 本题答题线索有两点 首先在文章第二段的第二行第二句话中提到了病人本应 该被给予法安明这种药物进行治疗的 should have done 有 本应做却没有做 的意思 后 面第三句话中 however 这个转折词也进一步说明了这一点 其次是从第四 五段中对法安 明这种药物进行介绍时可看出 病人并没有及时被给予正确的药物治疗 4 B 文章第三段进行了介绍 即手术是 11 月 10 号进行的 而本段最后一句话说明 病人在 11 月 16 号因大脑创伤而死亡 故不正确 5 A 文章第三段中最后一句话说明了在饱受脑创伤折磨后 病人于 11 月 16 号在医 院中死亡 6 B 从文章的第一段第一句话就可以判断出 病人是由于医院的失误而致死的 a hospital error left a dying man 并非意外致死 7 C 文章中的第六段讲到 Newbold 一家的律师转达了其希望医院从这次事故中汲 取教训 从而使更多其他家庭免遭类似的不幸 但是并没有说起律师不合格这样的信息 经尸检确认 由于过失疏忽 一家医院将一名饱受深静脉血栓折磨 生命垂危的男性 患者安置在错误的病区内达两天之久 当其血管内形成血栓之后 史蒂芬 马尔文 纽博 得便饱受大面积脑部损伤的折磨 他的死被其亲属认为太过突然但却并非完全不可避免 其亲属目前正考虑对约克医院采取法律手段 纽博得先生现年 52 岁 生前是一名维修工人 其因感觉右脚胀痛于 11 月 3 日前往约 克医院就诊 其本该被送往外科病区去接受一种名本法安明的药物治疗 该药物的主要功 效在于抑制深静脉血栓的形成 但是 在其最终被转送到心血管外科医生诊室之前 医院 医护人员却错误地将其送到了骨科病区 并让其在那儿住了两天 11 月 6 号 在其被转送 至心血管病区 24 小时后 医生们决定通过手术切除其右腿膝盖以下部分 手术于 11 月 10 号进行 但是两天后 纽博得先生的心脏却出现骤停症状 对其进行 的扫描结果显示其患有肺动脉栓塞 发病原因与深静脉血栓相关 在经受了大面积脑损伤 折磨之后 纽博得先生于 1l 月 16 号在医院死亡 基于现有证据 纽博得先生的主治外科医生称其不能解释为何院方在开始时将纽博得 先生送至骨科病区 该病区并无开售法安明的处方权 其不能理解其医疗团队为何没能在 之后及时给纽博得先生提供药物治疗 约克医院验尸员唐纳德 克夫戴尔表明 从 11 月 3 日一直到手术之前 纽博得先生一 直都没能接受法安明治疗 如果能够在入院第一天就接受心血管外科医生的会诊 那么其 肯定会被要求使用法安明 法安明这种药物能够减少深静脉血栓形成的风险 但是其无法 彻底根除它 目前还不能得出结论 即如果在最初就接受法安明治疗 纽博得先生是否仍 会遭受深静脉血栓折磨 该验尸员记录了这次由不幸引起的死亡 纽博得先生一家的律师金 丹尼尔斯声称 纽博得先生的家人希望医院能够从这次事 故中吸取教训 以避免之后类似不幸事件再发生在其他家庭 约克医院国民保健服务基金会的一名女发言人在声明中指出 我们在这一艰难的时 刻 向史蒂芬 纽博得一家表示最深切的同情 第第 14 篇篇 Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long Life 阿塞拜疆的长寿秘诀阿塞拜疆的长寿秘诀 You can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow red and purple wildflowers The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular but Mr Ibadov barely gives it a second glance Why should he He s been coming here nearly every day for 100 years According to his carefully preserved passport Mr Ibadov whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler is at least 105 years old His wife who died two years ago was even older They are among the dozens of people in this beautiful isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives Mr Ibadov s eldest son has just turned 70 He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has 1 I m an old man now I look after the sheep and I prepare the wood for winter I still have something to do A lifetime of toil it seems takes very few people to an early grave in this region Scientists admit there appears to be something in the Azeri mountains that gives local people a longer healthier life than most Miri Ismailov s family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced that they know what it is Mr Ismailov is 110 his great great grandson is four They share one proud boast Neither has been to a doctor There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines explained Mr Ismailov s daughter Elmira We know exactly what they can do We are our own doctors There is one herb for high blood pressure another for kidney stones and a third for a hacking cough They are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village Experts from the Azerbaijan Academy of Science believe the herbs may be part of the answer They have been studying longevity in this region for years It began as a rare joint Soviet American project in the 1980s but these studies are not being funded any more Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity Another plant made into a paste dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect said Chingiz Gassimov a scientist at the academy The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago 2 The Russians life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mountain folk though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the Russian heartland Over the decades I believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals Professor Gassimov said It s been slowly transferred down the generations But Mr Ismailov gripping his stout wooden cane has been around for too long to get overexcited There s no secret he shrugged dismissively I look after the cattle and I eat well Life goes on 词汇 herd 放牧 boast 以有 而自豪 longevity 长寿 Caucasus 高加索 Dismissively 轻蔑地 spectacular 壮观的 hacking cough 干咳 saffron 藏红花 indigenous 本土的 注释 1 He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has 他很久以前就数不清他有 多少个孙辈孩子 lost count 弄不清楚 数不清 2 The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago 当地人已经具备长寿的遗传素质 一组关于俄罗斯移民的研究证 实了这一理论 他们的祖先在两百年前被流放到高加索地区 genetic predisposition 遗传 素质 练习 1 Amburdere is a city in Southern Azerbaijan A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 2 Allahverdi Ibadov does not know exactly how old he is A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3 Mr Ibadov can t do any kind of work anymore A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4 Miri Ismailov has never been to a doctor but his great great grandson has A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5 People in this region enjoy a easy and rich life A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6 Elmira Ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7 Scientists think people s genes might affect how long they live A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned page 答案与题解 1 A 从第一段的第二句前半句 The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular 中的 Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan 可以看出 Amburdere 在 Azerbaijan 的南部 2 A 通过第三段的第一句中的 Mr Ibadov whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler 以及 at least 105 years old 可以断定 连他自己也不知道他的确切年龄 3 B 从第四段的 Mr Ibadov 自己的叙述 I m an old man now I look after the sheep and I prepare the wood for winter I still have something to do 可以看出 Ibadov 仍旧 在劳作 4 B 第六段讲的是 Miri Ismailov 一家人都住在一个小山村里 他 110 岁 他的玄 孙 4 岁 他们有同一个引以为豪的事 都没有看过医生 本句说 Ismailov 没有看过医生 而他的玄孙看过医生 5 C 句的意思是 这个地区的人们生活无忧无虑且富足 本文虽然提到这个地区 的人们身体健康且长寿 但没有提及他们的生活情况 6 B 第六段和第七段虽然讲我们是我们自己的医生 这是一个比喻 意思是我们 不用医生 我们吃的东西 山上的植物 具有保健作用 所以 Elmira 的职业不是医生 7 A 本句的意思是 科学家们认为 基因可能影响人们的寿命 第九段的第一句 所表达的意思与本句相符 当地人具备了长寿的遗传素质 genetic predisposition 他们具有 长寿基因 从山上绵延几公里 你都能看见 Allahverdi Ibadov 把他的羊群赶到一片花海中间 花海中有各种黄色 红色 紫色的野花 这种景观从阿塞拜疆的南部 Amburdere 一直延伸 到伊朗边境 十分壮观 但是 Ibadov 先生却几乎不多看它一眼 他为什么这样做 因为 100 年来 他几乎每天都要到这里来 Ibadov 先生在蹒跚学步之前都没有进行出生登记 根据题小心保存的护照来看 他至少已经 105 岁了 他的妻子的年龄比他还打 在两年前去世 这个美丽的 与世隔绝 的地区里许多人都极其长寿 他俩就是其中之一 Ibadov 先生的长子已经 70 多岁 他早已数不清他有多少孙子了 网现在是个老 人 网照看羊群 准备过冬的木头 我仍然有事要做 这个地区的人似乎很少有因为一生的辛劳而提前走入坟墓的 科学家承认 阿塞 拜疆的山上似乎有某种东西给予当地人一个更长寿更健康的生命 住在 Tatoni 的一个小村庄的 Miri Ismailov 家族坚信他们知道那是生命东西 Ismailov 先生 110 岁了 他的玄孙 4 岁 他们有同一个引以为豪的事 都没有看过医生 山上有好几百草本植物 我们用它们做饭制药 Ismailov 先生的女儿 Elmira 解释道 我们很清楚它们能做生命 我们就是自己的医生 有一种草是治高血压的 另一种是治肾结石的 还有一种治干咳的 它们都是从 村庄周围的斜坡上精挑细选出来的 阿塞拜疆科学院的专家相信这些草本植物就是答案之 一 他们多年来一直在这个区域研究长寿的秘诀 对这个地区的研究始于 20 世纪 80 年代 的一个少有的苏美联合项目 但是这些研究再也没有得到过资金赞助 阿塞拜疆的科学家提取了一种南部山区独有的藏红花 它似乎是一种延长寿命的 东西 另外一种植物 被制成糊状物 极大地增加了动物的产奶量 现在我们必须在临 床上检测这些植物 找出哪种物质有这种效果 研究院的科学家 Chingiz Gassimouv 说道 对一组俄罗斯移民进行的研究巩固了当地人已经演化出有长寿倾向的基因这一理 论 这些移民的祖先在 200 年前就被流放到高加索 这些俄罗斯人的寿命比当地山区的人 们要短得多 尽管比他们在俄罗斯中心地带的祖先的寿命要长 我相信在过去的几十年里 当地的环境开始对新来者有着积极的影响 Gassimov 教授说道 这会在一代代人中缓慢地传递下去 但是 Ismailov 先生已经在这待了太长时间了以至于没有感到太多的激动 他紧紧地抓 着他那结实的木条 说道 没有什么秘密 他轻描淡写地耸了耸肩 网照看羊群 吃得很好 生活在继续 第十一篇第十一篇 Disease Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on1 all its required functions There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person In order to treat a disease the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness that is make a diagnosis2 A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together The doctor must know the symptoms which are the changes in body function felt by the patient and the signs also called objective symptoms which the doctor himself can observe Sometimes a characteristic group of signs or symptoms accompanied a given disease Such a group is called a syndrome Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated3 by the physician in making his diagnosis Although nurses do not diagnose they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms and then reporting this information to the doctor Once the patient s disorder is known the doctor prescribes a course of treatment also referred to as therapy4 Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician s orders In recent years physicians nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention5 Throughout most of medical history the physician s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease6 However the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens to keep people well through the promotion of health A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose ranging from the World Health Organization WHO on an international level down to local private and community health programs7 A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health physical and mental 词汇 marked 显着的 syndrome 综合征 症候群 symptom 症候 症状 therapy 疗法 治疗 sign 病体 体征 注释 1 carry sth on 继续 进行 维持下去 2 make a diagnosis 做出诊断 3 the results evaluated 此句中在 evaluated 之前省略了与前面 are performed 相 同的助动词 are 4 also referred to as therapy 也被称为疗法 过去分词短语作 a course of treatment 的 定语 refer to 谈及 提及 refer to sth sb as 把 称为 例如 Don t refer to the matter again 不要再提这件事了 We refer to such a science as physiology 我们把这样一门科学称为生理学 Don t refer to your brother as a silly cow 不要把你兄弟说成是头笨牛 5 have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention 在预防方面承担越来越多的 责任 take sth on 承担 接受 You have taken on too much 你承担的工作太多了 6 to cure a patient of an existing disease 治疗病人的现有疾病 cure sb of 给某人 治疗 或治愈 某病 例如 This medicine should cure you of your cold 此药准能治好你的感冒 7 ranging from health programs 从国际这一级的世界卫生组织一直到下面地区的 私人和社区医疗机构 现在分词短语作状语 range from to 从 到 的范围 分布或变动 The children s ages range from 5 to 15 这些孩子小的 5 岁 大的 15 岁 Its prices range from twenty to thirty dollars 价钱从 20 美元到 30 美元不等 练习 1 By disease it means the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 2 A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and or symptoms typical of a specific disease A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3 The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case for a physician to diagnose a disease A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4 Because nurses can observe patients closely they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5 Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6 An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the world A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7 Generally speaking the physician is more willing to treat patients physical disease than their mental illness A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解 1 A 第一段第一句说疾病就是身体的一部分或全部不能正常调节或不能维持其应 有功能的不正常状态 本题正是这个意思 只是换了一种表达方式而已 故是正确的 2 A 第二段第四句和第五句说 有时一组典型的体征或症状伴随着某一疾病 这 样的一组体征或症状就称为综合征 本句也是这个意思 句中 complex 意为 综合体 综 合事物 typical of 意为 所特有的 典型的 故本题也应是正确的 3 B 第二段最后一句说 医生在做出诊断时经常都要做某些实验室检查并对检查 结果进行评估 而本题却说 在任何情况下诊断辅助手段对医生诊断疾病都是必不可少 的 这显然是错误的 4 B 第三段第一句要求护士 把这些信息报告给医生 该段最后一句还说 许 多治疗措施是在医生指示下由护士去执行 因此本题所说的 不管病人发生什么危急情 况都有权处理 显然应是错误的 5 A 第四段第二句 第三句说 贯穿大部分医学史 医生都是治疗病人的现有疾 病 不过现代预防理论却寻求制止疾病于未然 即通过促进健康使人们不得病 故本题 说 现代医学比传统医学更重视疾病的预防 是正确的 6 C 第四段第四句只说到从国际级的世界卫生组织一直到地方社区的医疗机构构 成了一个庞大的卫生机构 但是没有说每个国家都已建立有效的防治体系 故本题应是没 有提到的 7 C 文章最后一句说在教育每个病人保持全面健康 即身心的健康方面 医护行业将 要承担更多的责任 至于医生是更愿意治疗躯体疾病还是精神心理性疾病根本就没有提及 译文 生病 诊断 治疗与预防 所谓生病 即部分或整个身体不能够正常调节 或不能够维持应有的功能 疾病 的程度及其对人体的影响存在着明显的差异 为了治疗疾病 医生当然首先要给疾病定性 即诊断 诊断是基于一系列症状所 作出的结论 医生必须通晓症状 即病人所感受到的自身功能的变化 且了解体征 也称客 观症状 这些是医生可以亲身观察到的 有时一组典型的体征 或症状 伴随着某一疾病 这样的一组体征 或症状 就叫做综合病症 医生在作出诊断时 经常都要做某些实验室检 查 并对检查结果进行评估 尽管护士不负责诊断 但是他们密切监视病人体征 鼓励病人讲述其本身情况及 症状 而且将所得信息汇报给医生 在整个过程中发挥着极其重要的作用 一旦知道了患 者的病情 医生就会确定疗程 也称为疗法 其中许多治疗措施都是在医生指示下由护士 去执行的 近些年来 广大医生 护士以及其他保健工作者在预防方面承担着越来越多地责 任 贯穿大部分医学史 医生都是治疗病人的现有疾病 但是现代的预防理论却寻求制止 疾病于未然 即通过促进健康使人们不生病 为了这个目的 从国际级的世界卫生组织一 直到地方社区的医疗机构构成了一个庞大的卫生机构 医护行业迅速增加的责任就是教育 每个病人保持全面健康 即身体的和心理的健康 第十五篇第十五篇 Beyond the Pap Scientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus or HPV Most women who become ineffected with HPV are able to shake off the virus and suffer no apparent long term consequences to their health But a few women develop a persistent infection that can for reasons that are not entirely clear eventually lead to cancerous changes in the cervix Now researchers at the Digene Corp of Beltsville Maryland have developed a test that detects an active HPV infection by looking for its genetic byproducts in the vagina The HPV test was better than the standard Pap test at finding cervical cancer at any stage according to two studies published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association So far so good Unfortunately the test s false positive rate how often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear In these cases a biopsy of the woman s cervix showed no sign of disease And that s the crux of the problem How many women should undergo what is when it comes right down to it unnecessary treatment to find a few more cases of cervical cancer Shouldn t health officials focus instead on making sure that more women undergo regular Pap smear examinations After all Pap smears though far from perfect have helped dramatically lower the death toll from cervical cancer taking it from the No 1 cause of death due to cancer in American women to the 10th Complicating matters is the fact that HPV is a very common infection In some parts of the U S as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case Yet 99 out of 100 women who are HPV positive will never get cervical cancer estimates Dr Joanna Cain vice president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists If those 99 women live their lives as if they re going to develop cancer she says we re not necessarily doing them any good At present the HPV test is approved in the U S only to help resolve ambiguous results from a Pap Smear test Many gynecologists believe that HPV will eventually rep