自考0794综合英语(一)课程讲义全下册Lesson13.doc

Lesson ThirteenFreedom in Dying一、词汇1.dying n.动词是die；过去式died；过去分词died ；dead adj. 其中ea e；death n.deadly adj. 致命的；dying 一方面可以作为die动词的现在分词，意为某人正在死亡；另一方面，可作为形容词，意为垂死的。“过逝”在英文中一般为pass away.英文中还有一种表示某人死了，kick the bucket.2.concerning prep. 关于3.concerned adj. 担心的，忧虑的4.handle v. 处理，应付do with = deal with 处理，应付5.life n. 活力，活跃6.witty adj. 诙谐的，风趣的7.actively adv. 积极地，活跃地8.questioning adj. 好问的9.major n. 主修某专业的学生minor 次要的I am an English major.You are major in chemistry(化学)j10.bright adj. 机灵的，伶俐的，聪明的11.illness n. 疾病 develop an illness 患疾病12.lump n. 肿块，瘤，疖子13.undergo v. 经受，经历14.surgery n. 手术15.cancer n. 癌，恶性肿瘤16.tumor n. 肿瘤17.treatment n. 治疗18.steadily adv. 持续地，不断地；稳定地，坚定地19.remarkable adj. 不寻常地，非凡的20.face v. 正视，（勇敢地）面对21.seminar n. 研讨会forum 论坛22.reviewer n. 评论家，书评作者23.comment v. 评论，发表意见24.retain v. 保留，保持，仍然有remain maintain 保留25.enduring adj. 持久的，不朽的26.extreme adj. 极度的，极端的27.critical adj. 决定性的，关键性的，重大的28.dock n. 船埠，码头29.agony n. (精神或肉体的)极大痛苦a 30.chemical adj. 化学的；化学性的31.prolong v. 延长，延伸32.fully adv. 充分地fully的词根是full33. bedridden adj. 卧病不起的34.luxury n. 享受；满足；乐事；奢侈35.surrounding n. 环境，周围的事物 36.guitar n. 吉它37.deny v. 否认，否定refuse to do 拒绝做某事deny doing否认做某事38.unfinished adj. 未完成的，未结束的39.business n. 任务；事业；工作40.cremation n. 火化，火葬41.reflect v. 反映；表现；反射42.dignity n. 尊严，尊贵43.sharpness n. 敏锐，机智44.grieve v. 悲伤，悲叹45.enjoy v. 享受的乐趣；欣赏46.complain v. 抱怨，诉苦；投诉complain about sth. 抱怨什么东西47.rarely adv. 很少，难得48.despite prep. 尽管49.constant adj. 持续不断的，接连不断的50.continually adv. 一再地，反复地51.willingness n. 心甘情愿，愿意52.honor v. 履行，使付诸实现；给予（某人）荣誉53.belief n. 信念，信仰believe in 对信仰54. differ v. 与不同名词different 形容词difference55.independence n. 独立，自主56.acceptance n. 接受57.openly adv. 坦率地，公开地58.mourn v. 悲叹；哀悼59.object v. 反对；讨厌object to doing sth. 反对做某事60.helpessness n. 无可奈何；无能为力61.oncoming adj. 即将来临的，临近的62.significant adj. 有含义的；意味深长的63.style n. 作风；风格；方式64.evaluate v. 评价二、课文分析Freedom in Dying 1.The process of dying involves fewer and fewer choices available to us. Even in dying, however, we still have choices concerning how we handle what is happening to us. The following account deals with the dying of Jim Morelock, a student and close friend of mine.人快要死的时候，选择的余地越来越少。不过，即使是面临死亡，我们还是可以选择面对死亡的方式。以下的叙述是关于Jim Morelock死亡的情况，Jim Morelock是我的学生也是我的朋友。involves 包含，意味着 available 可利用的，可得到的2.Jim is 25 years old. He is full of life- witty , bright honest, and actively questioning. He had just graduated from college as a human services major and seemed to have a bright future when his illness was discovered.吉姆25岁，他充满活力-诙谐、机敏、正直、好问。他刚从大学民政服务专业毕业，前程无量，可就在此时他得了病。3.About a year and a half age, Jim developed a lump on his fore-head and underwent surgery to have it removed. At that time, his doctors believed that it was not a canner. Later, more tumors appeared, and more surgery followed. Several months ago, Jim found out that the tumors had spread throughout his body and that even with treatment, he would have a short life. Since that time he has steadily grown weaker and has been able do less and less; yet he has shown remarkable courage in the way he has faced this loss and his dying.大约在一年半之前，吉姆额头等上长了一个肿块，动手术把肿块给切除了。那时，医生不认为他得的是癌症。然而，不久以后更多的瘤子出现了，而且做了更多的手术。几个月后，吉姆发现肿瘤已扩散到全身（指内脏），即使治疗他也活不长。 从那以后，他变得越来越虚弱了，而且能做的事情越来越少。然而，而对这种机能的丧失和生命的衰亡，他表现出了极大的勇气。 4.Some time ago Jim came to California, and took part in the weekend seminar that I had with reviewers of this book. On this chapter, he commented that although we may not have a choice concerning the losses we suffer in dying, we do retain the ability to choose our attitude toward our death.前些时，吉姆来到加利福尼亚，参加了我组织的本书评论家周末讨论会。他在评论本章（Death and Loss）时说，尽管我们无法避免生命衰亡过程中的各种机能的衰退，但我们却完全能够选择对待死亡的态度。注意：concerning =aboutThey held a meeting concerning citizens complaints.他们召开了一个有关市民投诉的会议。He refused to answer questions concerning his private life.他拒绝回答关于他个人生活的问题5.Jim has taught me a lot during these past few months about this enduring capacity for choice, even in extreme circumstances. Jim has made many critical choices since being told of his illness. He chose to continue taking a course at the university, because he liked the contact with the people there. 在过去的几个月中，吉姆以实际行动向我展示了人的这种长期不断地做出决策的能力，特别是在极端困难的情况下做出决策的能力。自从得知他的病情以来，吉姆做出了许许多多关键性的决定。由于他喜欢与大学的人接触，他决定继续在大学选一门课。choose to do sth. 选择做某事choose的过去式为：chosechoose的过去分词：chosenchoose的名词：choiceHe worked hard at a boat dock to support himself.他在一个船坞打工来养活自己。注意：support 养活He has a wife and three children to support.他要养活妻子和三个孩子。He decided to undergo treatment, even though he knew that it most likely would not result in his cure, because he hoped that it would reduce his pain. It did not, and Jim has suffered much agony during the past few months. He decided not to undergo chemical treatment because he didnt want to prolong his life if he couldnt really live fully. He made a choice to accept God in his life, which gave him a full sense of peace. Before he became bedridden, he decided to go to Hawaii and enjoy his time in luxury.他知道他的病治愈的希望微乎其微，但他决定进行治疗，因为他希望治疗能减轻他的痛苦。然而，这种治疗并没有减轻他的痛苦，吉姆在过去的几个月中受得不非人的罪。他决定不去进行化疗，因为要是他不能真正活得充实，他何必去延长生命。他决定信教，成为基督徒，这使他内心十分宁静。在他卧床不起之前，他决定到夏威夷去，高高兴兴地度过他已不多的时光。6.Jim has always disliked hospitals- so he chose to remain at home, in more personal surroundings. As long as he was able, he read widely and continued to write in his diary about his thoughts and feelings on living and dying. With his friends, he played his guitar and sang songs that he had written. He maintained an active interest in life and in the things around him, without denying the fact that he was dying.吉姆一直都特别讨厌医院，所以他宁愿留在家里，留在更具人情味的环境里。只要身体状况允许，他广泛地读书，一如既往地在日记里写下他对生与死的想法和感受。和朋友们在一起时，他可以弹吉它，唱一些自己作曲的歌。他从不回避他将不久于人世这个事实，但对生活、对周围的事物的热忱却一如既往。 7.More than anyone I have known or heard about, Jim has taken care of unfinished business. He made it a point to gather his family and tell them his wishes,在安排列前未竟之事方面，吉姆比我所知道或听说的任何人都做得周到。他特意把家人召集在一起，讲述了他身后的愿望。注意：make it a point to do sth./make a point of doing sth. 特意做某事，仔细做某事We made a point of thanking the host before we left.我们离开前特意向主人道了谢。he made contact with all his friends and said everything he wanted to say to them. He clearly stated his desire for cremation; he wants to burn those tumors and then have his ashes scattered over the sea - a wish that reflects his love of freedom and movement.他和所有的朋友取得了联系，对他们讲了他想说的话。他明确表示了将尸体火化的愿望，他想把那些瘤子全部烧毁，将他的骨灰撒入大海，这一愿望反映出他对自由的热爱，他对活动的向往（因为海水永远流动，因为大海享受自由，不受拘束）。8.Jim has very little freedom and movement now, for he can do little except lie in his bed and wait for his death to come. To this day he is choosing to die with dignity, and although his body is getting weaker and weaker, his spirit is still very much alive. He retains his mental sharpness, his ability to say a lot in a very few words, and his sense of humor. He has allowed himself to grieve over his losses. As he puts it, Id sure like to hang around to enjoy all those people that love me! Realizing that this isnt possible, Jim is saying good-bye to all those who are close to him.然而，吉姆已经享受不到自由了，再也不能活动了，因为现在除了躺在他那床上等待死神之外，他什么也做不了了。直到今天，他仍然坚持死也要死得有尊严，尽管他的身体一天比一天虚弱，他的精神仍然非常饱满。他保持了敏捷的思维，言简意赅和表达能力，以及他的幽默感。他不掩盖自己对于失去这一切而感到的悲痛。正像他自己所说的：“我当然愿意活下去，享受与爱我的人在一起快乐！”当他意识到这已经不再可能时，他向亲近的人告别。9.Throughout this suffering, Jims mother has been truly great. When she told me how remarkable Jim has been in complaining so rarely despite his constant pain, I reminded her that Id never heard her complain during her months of caring for Jim. 在整个吉姆得病到去逝的过程当中，吉姆的妈妈一直很伟大。她对我说，吉姆遭受持续的病痛折磨，却极少怨天尤人，真是了不起。她说这话时，我对她说，在她护理吉姆的几个月里，我也从未听到她抱怨过。注意：care for 照看Jane spent years caring for her sick aunt.简几年来一直在照料她生病的姨妈。I have been continually amazed by her strength and courage, and I have admired her willingness to honor Jims wishes and accept his beliefs, even though at times they have differed from her own. 她的坚强和勇气，频频令我惊讶。此外，尽管有时候母子俩人的意愿和信仰大相径庭，她却能按吉姆的意愿行事，不干涉他的信仰，这使我十分钦佩。注意：at times 有时We usually spend our holidays in the mountains. However, we go to the beach at times.我们通常到山上度假，有时我们去海边。She has shown how much she loves him without depriving him of his free spirit and independence.她表现出对儿子深厚的爱，但决不干预他精神上的自主，以及他的独立人格。 注意：deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人sth.For a long time, black people in the country were deprived of their civil rights.在很长一段时间里那个国家的黑人被剥夺了公民权。Her acceptance of Jims dying and her willingness to hide nothing from him have given his the opportunity to express openly whatever he feels. Jim has been able to grieve and mourn because she has not objected to this.她本人接受吉姆不久于人世的事实，她也不向吉姆隐瞒事实的真相，这样吉姆就可以公开表示自己的任何感受。吉姆之所以该悲痛悲痛，该伤心就伤心，正是因为在他悲痛、伤心时，母亲决不去劝他强忍。 10.This experience has taught me much about dying and about living. Through Jim, I have learned that I dont have to do very much for a person who is dying except to be with him or her by being myself . So often I have left a sense of helplessness, of not knowing what to say or how much to say, of not knowing what to ask or not to ask, of feeling unable to speak. Jims oncoming death seems such a loss, and its very difficult for me to accept it .Gradually, however, I have learned not to be so concerned about what to say or not to say. In fact, in my last visit I said very little, but I feel that we made sig-nificant contact with each other. Ive also learned to share with him the sadness I feel, but there is simply no easy way to say good-bye to a friend.这个经历教会了我很多关于死亡和活着的道理。通过和吉姆相处，我认识到为一个不久于人世的人我不必做许多事，只需自自然然地和他或她在一起。很多时候，我都有一种不知所措又无能为力的感觉，不知道，说什么，该说什么，不知道该问什么，不该问什么，感觉说不出什么话来。吉姆即将来临的过逝这件事情好像如此的让人失落，而且对我来说是很难接受的。不过，后来我逐渐明白了，根本不必在意该说什么，不该说什么。事实上，我最后一次去看望他时，我没有说什么话，但是我感到我们彼此之间，相互心领神会，一切尽在不言中。我也逐渐学会了让他知道，我是多么难过。不过和朋友最后告别是多么不容易啊。 Jim is showing me that his style of dying will be no different from his style of living. By his example and by his words, Jim has taught me how to evaluate my own life.吉姆的一生向我表明，他对待死亡的态度同他对待生命的态度是一样的。吉姆用行动，及语言，让我学会了如何审视自己的生活。三、语法与练习 （一）Useful Expressionschoose to do 决定，宁愿make contact with 联系，联络grieve over /about/at/for 因悲伤或悲叹be close to 与近；与亲近remind sb. that 提醒某人remind sb of sth 提醒某人某件事hidefrom sb. 对某人隐瞒（二）Vocabulary Exercises1.From words according to the following rules of word formation.动词+-ing (正在的；使人的)形容词 如：changing 正在变化的following 接着的surprising 使人惊讶的burning 燃烧的exciting 使人兴奋的动词+-ing（表示行为或过程）名词 如：swimming 游泳walking 散步shopping 购物driving 驾驶working 工作动词+-ing(表示动作的结果或产物) 名词 如：building 建筑物wedding 婚礼earnings 赚的钱savings 存款shavings 刨花名词+-ing（表示职业或技能）名词 如：tailoring 裁缝业shoemaking 制鞋业banking 银行业；银行学accounting 会计学hairdressing 理发业（三）GrammarClauses of Real Condition条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（或虚拟条件句）。1.真实条件句的基本形式The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.如果你拉猫的尾巴，它会抓伤你的。If you want something really badly, youll probably get it .如果你十分想要得到某个东西，你或许就会得到它。If you havent got any money, you will think its the most important thing in the world.如果你没有钱，你就会认为钱是世界上最重要的东西。 2.基本形式可能发生的变化1）条件从句为一般现在时，主句的变化（1）may/might(可能性)If the weather gets worse, the planes may/might not be able to take off in time.如果天气情况变坏，飞机可能不能按时起飞。（2）may(允许)/can(允许或能力)If you want to write a paper on the subject, you may/can take the book with you.如果你想就这个题目写篇论文，你可以把这本书带走。（3）must或should或任何表示命令、请求或劝告的形式。If you want to succeed, you must/should study hard.如果你想成功，你就必须努力学习。 If the plane is late, would you please inform me ?如果飞机晚点了，请通知我，好吗？（4）用现在时，表示状态或必然的结果If the front light comes on, the battery is O.K.如果车的前灯亮了，电池就没问题了。2）if从句的各种变化（1）用现在进行时，表示现在正在进行的动作I dont mind hard work, if Im working for myself.如果我是在给自己干活，我是不会在乎活有多艰难。If you are talking to him now, give him my best regards.如果你正在跟他谈话，请代我向他问好。（2）用现在完成时，表示从句中的动作已完成，强调动作的结果 If you have finished your work, you can go now.如果你已干完活了，你可以走了。If you have lost your car, you should report it to the police.如果你丢了车，你应该报警。（3）用be going to 表示从句中的动作即将发生或已在计划之中If you are going to the car tomorrow, Ill have to stay at home.如果明天你要用车，我就得待在家里。If you are going to the U.S. youll need a visa.如果你计划去美国，你得有签证。Lesson13第二学时一、回答课文问题注意：下面列出的题目必须能做到熟练并准确地写出画线部分！划红线的句子尤其应该重点记忆。第10题 In Freedom in Dying, Jims mother has been great because she is remarkable for her strength, courage and her willingness to let Jim do what he wants, and she hides nothing from Jim.在这一课，吉姆的妈妈是非常坚强伟大的，因为她非常坚强有勇气。她愿意让吉姆做他想做的东西，而且她从不在吉姆面前隐藏任何东西。Jims mother is different from many other mothers in two ways: Firstly, she accepts her sons dying, respects his wishes and allows him to spend his last days in the way he wants. Second, she hides nothing from him.吉姆的妈妈与其他妈妈的不同之处有两个：第一，她接受自己的孩子即将死亡，尊敬孩子的愿望而且允许孩子用自己想要的方式来度过自己最后的日子。第二，她在孩子面前从不隐藏。（一）Vocabulary Exercises1.Form words according to the following rules of word formation.（1）farming 农种fighting 打架parking 停车encouraging鼓舞人心的. 可奖励的winning 胜利的（2）growing 正在生长developing 正在发展suffering 痛苦printing 打印painting 画（3）sailing 航行exchanging 交换的missing 丢失的closing 亲近的teaching 教学2.Translate the following sentences into English.1）你们学校有供学生使用的计算机吗？Are there any computers available to the students in your school?2）他需要一本国际关系方面的书。He needs a book on international relations.3）洪水过后许多人都染上了这种疾病。Many people developed this disease after flood.4）他在与癌症作斗争的过程中表现出了非凡的勇气。He showed remarkable courage in fighting cancer.5）由于当前的经济危机，这个国家几乎所有的银行都蒙受了巨大的损失。Nearly all the banks in this country suffered great losses due to present economic crisis.6）许多国家都对加了这个保护环境的运动。Many countries took part in the environmental protection activities.7）在家她宁愿说汉语，因为汉语是她的母语。Prefer to choose to do she chose to speak Chinese at home because it is her mother language.母语的另外一种说法mother tongue8）他特别留意用一句俏皮话来开始他的演讲。He made it a point to start with a witty remark.9）为已逝去的时光感到悲伤是没有用的。你能做的就是抓住今天。Its no use grieving over past days. All you can do now is to seize today.10）第三世界的许多孩子都被剥夺了受教育的权利。Many children are deprived of right to education.11）他用言传身教的方式教会了我们如何活得有尊严。By his example and his words, he taught us how to live with dignity.12）我反对对她隐瞒这个消息。I object to hiding the news from her.3.Put suitable prepositions or adverbs in the blanks.1）We graduated from the same university in the same year.2）The president didnt want to comment on his trip to the Middle East.3）I dont think she has the ability to cope with the problems all by herself.4）I should have come to see you earlier. But no one told me _of /about your illness.5）Dick graduated from college as a history major, but he finally turned out to be a TV star.6）At college, they were close friends, though at times they argued about what life would be like in the next century.7）His strong desire for both money and power resulted in his quick downfall.（堕落）。8）To this day, thirty years after the meeting, she remembers vividly how the leaders of the two countries exchanged views on the future of the world.9）As a sportsman ,he is remarkable in nobly accepting defeat after defeat and in never giving up.10）He was very much concerned about his wifes health, so he tried to keep all bad news from her.11）We must bear in mind that the way of life in the West is very different from ours.12）Love means that you let the other person develop the way he chooses without forcing him or her to do what you want.4.Put the correct words from the list below in the blanks.In order to learn a foreign language well, one should not be afraid of making mistakes. If the most important（1）（goal）of language use is communication, then mistakes are（2）（less）important considerations, and they may be dealt（3）（with）gradually as awareness of those mistakes increases. On the other hand, students should not（4）（fail）to pay attention to their mistakes. The language learner may（5）（observe）how native speakers（6）（express）themselves and how native expressions differ from the（7）（way）the learner might say them. For example, a Spanish speaker who has been saying I do it to express willingness to do something in the（8）（immediate） future, could, by talking with native speakers of English, observe that native speakers in fact say Ill do it . The resulting（9）（difference）can be a basis for the student to correct his way of using the present tense in English. But a student who is unwilling to meet people and talk in the first（10）（place）would lose this opportunity to learn by trial（实验）and error（错误）。（二）Grammar Exercises 1.Complete the following sentences with the correct verb form.1）Youd better take the day off if you not feeling（not feel）very well now.2）The baby is（be）OK if you find him sleeping soundly.3）If you have finished（finish）with your dictionary, Id like to borrow it .4）If you dont take（not take）the book back to the library tomorrow, youll have pay a fine.5）You can use my phone if yours not working（not work）.6）If the light in his room is on , he is（be）at home.7）If he pays（pay）me next week, Ill have enough money for a birthday cake.8）If you have handed（hand）in your examination paper, why are you still here?9）If the bus doesnt come（not come）in five minutes, Ill be late for work.10）Itll only take half an hour to finish the task if he agrees（agree）to help us.2.Translate the following sentences into English.1）如果他的活干完了，就叫他回去吧。If he has finished his task, tell him to go home.3）如果我遇到一头熊，我爬到树上去会有用吗？If I run into a bear, will it be useful for me to climb a tree?6）如果现在机器发生噪音，你应该立刻停止使用它。If the machine is making noise, You should stop it immediately.7）如果你讨厌你的工作，为什么不辞掉呢？If you dislike your job, why not quit?10）你跟警察说实话，他们会相信你的。If you tell truth to the police, they will believe you.二、补充练习 阅读理解Birds Migration鸟类迁徙Why dont birds get lost on their long migratory flights? Scientist have puzzled over this question for many years. Now they are beginning t