非谓语动词讲解及习题

1 非谓语动词 考情分析 1 不定式的时态和语态 2 不定式的功能 不定式的形容词性功能 不定式的副词性功能 不定式 的名词性功能 3 不定式的省略 4 不定式的否定形式 5 不定式的搭配形式 6 独立主格结构 7 v ing 分词名词性功能 8 v ing 分词形容词性功能 9 v ing 分词副词性功能 10 过去分词与现在 分词一般式的区别 11 过去分词与现在分词主动完成式的区别 12 过去分词与现在分词一般被动 式的区别 I 概述 1 基本形式的变化 不定式 时态主动态被动态 一般式to doto be done 进行式to be doing 完成式to have builtto have been built 1 John said that he had run in order to catch the bus 一般式的主动态 2 He hated to be misunderstood by others 一般式的被动态 3 He pretended to be listening attentively 进行式 4 He intended to have told you that 完成式主动态 5 This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago 完成 式的被动态 v ing 形式 时态主动态被 动 态 一般式doingbeing done 完成式having donehaving been done 注意 不及物动词没有被动式 动名词 1 I am sure of his coming in time 一般式主动态 I am sure that he will come in time 2 He is proud of being selected as monitor 一般式被动态 He is proud that he is selected as monitor 3 I m confident of his having passed the exam 完成式主动态 I am confident that he have passed the exam 4 He complained of having been cheated by others 完成式被动态 现在分词 1 He sat in a chair reading a novel 一般式主动态 2 Being exhausted by work he fell asleep quickly 一 般式被动态 3 Having finished his homework he went playing 完成式主动态 4 All this having been settled he went home 完成式被动态 2 所做成分 项目 成分主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语 现在分词 动名词 不定式 过去分词 注 现在分词 不定式 过去分词都可以作独立成分 II 基本知识 1 动词不定式在句中充当的成分 作主语 1 To see once is better than to hear a hundred times 2 To make money is not the only purpose of our life 在很多情况下 常用 it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语 It is important for us to learn English very well 作动词的宾语 常用在以下动词后 help hope ask refuse decide promise wish pretend expect arrange learn plan demand dare manage agree prepare fail determine offer choose desire elect long happen s eem 如 1 He managed to pass the exam 2 He promised to be here at nine 3 I didn t expect to see you here 在某些复合宾语中 用 it 做形式宾语 而把不定式放到后面去 如 1 He considered it better to leave now 2 I found it impossible to finish the work on time 作定语 常置于名词之后 由 only last next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做 定语 及以下名词的定语 ability anything attempt chance curiosity desire decision determination effort failure intention need nothing opportunity place plan promise reason right something 如 1 She is always the first student to arrive at school 2 He is always the last one to leave the office 3 I don t think he is the best man to do the job 4 I have no desire to travel 5 You ll find something to interest you here 注 动词不定式 to 后所接动词若是不及物动词 而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系 这个 不定式后就应有必要的介词 1 I haven t decided which hotel to stay at 2 I found no one to play with 作状语 1 I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down 不至于跌倒 表目的 2 They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet 表结果 3 He tried only to fail 结果没有成功 4 She was happy to hear the news 表原因 不定式常用于修饰下列形容词 able afraid angry anxious apt careful careless certain clever considerate delighted difficult eager easy fit frightened happy interesting likely lucky quick ready reluctant right sorry surprised sure thoughtful thoughtless unable unwilling wrong etc 如 1 French is difficult to learn 2 I m sorry to interrupt you but I have to 作独立副词成分 To speak frankly I don t like your attitude 与疑问词连用 疑问代词 who what which 和疑问副词 when where how 等后加动词不定式 构 成不定式短语 可在句子中作主语 宾语 表语等成分 如 1 When to start has not been decided 2 The problem is how to get there on time 注意 在有些动词后常用疑问词 动词不定式的结构 这类动词有 know ask tell show wonder consider understand learn instruct guess see explain discover imagine think hear 等 如 1 He didn t know what to do next 2 I haven t decided whether to go to Japan 不定式的复合结构 由 for 名词或代词 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语 表语 宾语 状语等 如 1 It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday 2 His idea is for us to travel in different cars 由 of 引出的不定式复合结构经常与以下形容词连用 brave careless clever courageous foolish good honest kind nice rash right rude stupid silly thoughtful thoughtless 2 wrong wise1 It s kind of you to say so 2 It s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby 不带 to 的动词不定式 在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略 to 的动词不定式 如 let make have hear see feel smell hear watch 等 如 1 The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition 将该句转换成被动语态 I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition I heard her say that she was fed up 在下列结构后常用不带 to 的动词不定式 had better would rather can not but cannot help but do nothing but 等 I d better go now or I ll miss the train They can not but accept his advice 在 except but 之前有动词 do 作实义动词 则 except but 后一般接不带 to 的动词不定式 反之则 接 带 to 的动词不定式 We have no choice but to wait There is no choice but to go there There is nothing to do but to to 可省略 read a book 在 why why not 结构中 紧接其后的动词不定式不带 to Why argue with him Why not send those books back 2 动名词在句中充当的成分 作主语 1 Asking for help is sometimes necessary 2 Eating too much is not good for your health 3 Teaching offers something besides money and power 作补语 表语 1 Seeing is believing 2 We call such an act cheating 作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语 建议冒险去献身 advise suggest risk devote oneself to 忍受期待 不停顿 bear stand 忍受 look forward to stop 放弃延期悔失去 give up delay put off regret miss 坚持欣赏 想 要 实 践 完 成 keep on insist on stick to enjoy appreciate feel like practice finish 注意原谅避反对 pay attention to excuse escape avoid object to 考虑要求不自禁 consider require cannot help 允许习惯不介意 forbid permit be get used to be accustomed to mind 值得开始想动名 be worth set about imagine 如 1 The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river 2 His wife doesn t allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room 3 All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer 4 I m looking forward to hearing from you soon 5 Being ill for a few days she doesn t feel like eating anything 另在 want need require 等动词后 常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思 主语与动名词之间存 在逻辑上的动宾关系 My hair needs cutting My hair needs to be cut 作定语 它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系 通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动 作 如 1 The factory built a swimming pool last year 2 Our teacher uses a very good teaching method 作同位语 His hobby making model airplanes is very interesting 注意 动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 动名词构成 如果不是 在句子开头 这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格 动名词构成 在句中可作主语 宾语等 例如 1 Do you mind my closing the door Do you mind me closing the door 2 My closing the door made him angry 3 I can t stand Lao Chang s talking like that about other comrades 动名词的某些 固定结构 It is no use no good fun a great pleasure a waste of time a bore 等名词 doing sth 如 1 It is no use crying 2 It is no good objecting 3 It is a waste of time trying to explain It is useless doing sth 如 It is useless speaking There is no v ing 是不可能的 如 1 There is no knowing how old she is I t is impossible to know how old she is 2 There is no telling where she s gone It is impossible difficult to know where she s gone make a point of doing 认为 是必要 的 如 Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday be on the point of doing 濒临 将要 如 He was on the point of leaving on upon doing 一 就 如 On hearing the news I changed my plans As soon as I heard the news I changed my plans go doing 大部分指运动和游戏 如 He went shopping hiking swimming fishing etc 动名词短语常用在以下结构中 1 have difficulty in doing sth 2 have trouble in doing sth 3 have fun in doing sth 4 have a good time in doing sth have a hard time in doing sth feel like 动名词 想要 would like to 原形动词 如 1 Do you feel like going to a movie 2 I don t feel like reading tonight 3 分词在句中充当的成分 作定语 作定语的分词如果是单个分词 放在所修饰的名词前 如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的 名词后面 在用作定语时 分词在意思上接近一个定语从句 1 The boring snow made the bored boys go home 2 China is a developing socialist country 3 The man writing the obituary 讣告 is my friend The man who is writing the obituary is my friend 4 The broken glass scattered on the ground 注 现在分词与过去分词都可作定语 但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情 有主动意义 而过去 分词表示的是已完成的事情 有被动意义 作表语 宾语补足语 能带分词作宾补的动词常见的 有 see hear keep find notice watch think want smell observe 等 1 The story is boring 2 I found him reading a novel 现在分词作宾语补足语 3 I found him surrounded by a group of children 过去分词作 宾语补足语 作状语 分词作状语可以表示时间 原因 条件 结果 伴随情况 1 Having read all the required papers he answered the questions fluently 时间 2 Being short of money I decided to apply for the work 原因 3 Seriously injured Allen was rushed to the hospital 原因 4 If going there by plane we ll have to pay twice as much 条件 5 Unless asked to answer questions the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smith s class 条件 6 The farmer used a new insecticide thus raising the average yield by 15 结果 7 He sat in a rocking chair watching TV 伴随 注意 分词的特殊结构 独立主格 有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致 这时分词须带上自身的主语 这种结构称为独立主格结构 这种结构在句中多作伴随状语 亦可用来表示时间 原因 条件等 1 That being the case we d better make some changes in the plan 2 Weather permitting we will go out if weather permits 3 The teacher having finished the lesson the students left the classroom with 或 without 名词或代词 分词 的复合结构 常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况 例如 He fell asleep with the lamp burning 某些固定结构 generally frankly speaking judging from by 中 分词的逻辑主语与句子的主 语不一致 这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词 1 Judging by his dress he comes from a wealthy family 2 Frankly speaking I don t like him at all catch 宾语 doing 如 1 I caught them stealing my apples 2 If she catches me reading her diary she ll be furious 注 有些现在分词可以作介词用 如 concerning considering regarding respecting 等 如 1 Considering his age he is tall 2 I have nothing to say concerning his speech 3 III 非谓语动词比较 1 做主语和宾语时的比较 一般来说 不定式和动名词成份相同时 表示客观性 一般性行为多用动名词表示 而表示一次性 具体性行为则多用不定式 1 Looking after children is her job 2 To clean the classroom is his job today 3 I like swimming but I don t like to swim today because I don t feel well 注意下列重点内容 begin 和 start 本身为进行时 或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时 须接不定式 When we came in they were beginning to have supper After his explanation I began to understand it realize that I was wrong 有些词后面既可以接不定式 亦可接动名词 但其意义有很大区别 须特别注意 A remember forget regret 接动名词 表示完成意义 having done 接不定式 表示将来意义 1 Please remember to bring me the book I want next time 2 I remember seeing her having seen her somewhere before 3 Don t forget to write to me soon 4 I never forget visiting having visited them for the first time 5 I regret missing that good film last week 后悔 6 I regret not taking not having taken your advice 7 I regret to say I can t take your advice 遗憾 be sorry B mean mean to do want to do 打算 想要 mean doing 意味着 就是 1 I am sorry I didn t mean to hurt your feelings 2 I meant to call on you but I was so busy 3 Learning a foreign language doesn t mean just working in class C stop stop to do 停下来 要干另一件事 不定式作目的状语 stop doing 停止做 动名词作宾语 After some time they stopped walking and had a rest After walking some time they stopped to have a rest D try try to do 努力 试图干 try doing 试着干 1 He searched everywhere and tried to find his key 2 He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job 3 The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself 4 They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again E want need require 接动名词表示被动意义 接不定式就要用被动式 这时主语与动名词之间为 动宾关系 如 1 These young trees require looking after to be looked after 2 The matter needs thinking over to be thought over F go on go on to do 继续干和原来不同的另一件事 不定式作目的状语 go on doing 继续干原来同 一件事 动名词作宾语 1 After a smoke he went on telling us that interesting story 2 After writing the composition he went on to work out his maths problems G 动词 advise allow permit forbid 后面接单宾语时用动名词 接复合宾语时用动词不定式 1 Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one s health 放弃 2 The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health 放弃 3 She doesn t allow permit smoking in her room 允许 H be considered to have done 被认为已经做了 consider to be 认为是 consider doing 考虑做某事 I be get used to doing 习惯于 be used to do 被用来做 J can t help doing 情不自禁做 can t help to do 不能帮助做 2 做宾补时的比较 不定式可以表示一次性 具体性行为 以及将来意义的行为 现在分词可以表 示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为 亦可表示一个持续时间的延续性的行为动作 过去分词可以表 示完成意义的行为或状态 及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义 不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意 义 1 When I came in I saw her dancing happily 2 I often hear her sing songs in English in her room 3 They had the lights burning all night long 4 I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now 5 The mother will have the doctor examine her son again 6 Tomorrow I ll have my hair cut 7 When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already 8 When they returned to their hometown after an absence of twenty years they found everything changed 3 做表语时的比较 不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容 且可以和主语颠倒 意思仍然通顺 回答 what 的问题 它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别 分词做表语表明主语的性质 特征和状态 不能和主语 颠倒 可以回答 how 的问题 1 Her job is cleaning offices What is her job Cleaning offices is her job 2 Our job today is to clean the office To clean the office is our job today 3 The news is very exciting How is the news 4 They are very tired after a long walk 5 The door is locked now 6 The children are well dressed these days 4 做定语时的比较 不定式做定语与先行词有动宾 主谓和解释先行词内容等关系 在时态上常是将来意义 现在 分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义 过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义 此外 不定式做定语时 只能后置 不可前置 而单个分词做定语可前置 分词短语做定语则须后置 动名词做定语 须前 置 且要重读 它表明先行词的用途 而分词做定语表明先行词的性质 特征和状态 1 a swimming boy a boy who is swimming 2 a swimming pool a pool for swimming 3 the boiling water the water that is boiling 4 drinking water water for drinking 5 Today I have a letter to write 6 Please find a man to help us 7 It is a good chance to practice your spoken English 8 I like reading books written by Lu Xun 9 The woman standing over there is our English teacher 10 The house to be built which will be built which is to be built next year will be our new library 11 The house being built which is being built now will be our new library 12 The house built which was built last year is our new library now 5 做状语时的比较 不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工 动词不定式多做目的 结果句末 分词可 以表示时间 原因 条件 让步 方式状语 多置于句首 做伴随状语 多放在后面 分词用于 go doing 结构中作目的状语 目的状语 通常有不定式表示 由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征 不定式前还可加上 in order so as 来加强说话的口气 但 so as to 通常不用于句首 1 The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays 2 I came here in order so as to hear the report 3 In order to 不用 so as to see better we took front seats 时间状语 分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句 现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首 表示的动 作和谓语动词的动作同时发生 有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词 如果分词动作发生在谓语动词 之前 用现在分词的完成体形式 过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义 分词前 有时加上时间连词 1 Arriving When he arrived at the bus stop he found his sister there 2 Waiting When I was waiting to see the doctor I met with a friend of mine 3 Having When we have made full preparations we are ready for an examination 4 Having When he had finished his homework he went 4 to bed 5 After finishing his homework he went to bed 6 Seen When the town is seen from the hill the town looks more beautiful 7 Locked When he was looked up in the room he found himself isolated from the outer world 8 When asked to make a speech he said he was glad to do so 9 Once recovered he will go all out to do his work 原因状语 不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后 这些形容词通常是 happy sorry fortunate angry glad ashamed discouraged delighted frightened shocked 等 分词作原因状语相当于原因状语 从句 一般位于句首 1 I am sorry to hear that you are not well 2 I m very sorry to have kept you waiting so long 3 We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide 4 Being Since he was ill all last year he lived in a sanatorium 5 There being no enough money he couldn t buy the dictionary that he wanted 6 Having Since they had been asked to stay they couldn t possibly leave right away 7 Moved As he was moved by the heroic deeds of the PLA man he burst into tears 条件状语 通常用分词来表示 相当于条件状语从句 一般位于句首 1 Turning If you turn to the left you will see the post office 2 United If we are united we stand divided if we are divided we fall 3 Given If he had been given more time he would be able to do better 结果状语从句 不定式作结果状语通常用于 so 形容词或副词 as to such 名词 as to too to enough to 和 only to 等结构 现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果 1 He arrived late to find the train gone 2 I worked late into the night only to find I had not finished half of the job 3 He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbors 4 His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy 5 I ran faster than ever reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath 6 The man died young leaving nothing but debt 让步状语 通常由过去分词来表示 而且前面通常有表示让步意义的 though 1 Though wounded the soldier managed to get to the village safely 2 Though warned of the danger he still went skating on the thin ice 伴随或方式状语 分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾 表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态 1 Chinese businessmen taxi drivers and students talk with them using English 2 She came running towards us 3 They walked along the streets talking and laughing 4 He went into the house followed by some children 5 He continued to walk up and down lost in thought IV 关于 there be 的非谓语形式 there be 非谓语形式可在句中作主语 宾语 状语和定语 1 作动词宾语时 通常用 there to be 结构 而不用 there being 能这样用的及物动词为 expect like mean intend want prefer hate 等 如 1 We don t want there to be any comrades lagging behind 2 They hate there to be long queues everywhere 3 We have no objection to there being a meeting here 2 作状语多用 there being 结构 但若置于介词 for 之后要用 there to be 如 1 There being nobody else at hand I had to do by myself 原因状语 2 It s too early for there to be anybody up 作程度状语 3 There having been no rain for a long time the ground was very dry 原因状语 3 作主语时两种结构都可以 但如是用 for 引导则要用 there to be 如 1 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young 2 There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers 1 071 07 安徽安徽 29 29 JohnJohn receivedreceived anan invitationinvitation toto dinner dinner andand withwith hishis workwork hehe gladlygladly acceptaccept it A it A finishedfinished B B finishingfinishing C C havinghaving finishedfinished D D waswas finishedfinished 2 2 07 07 天津天津 06 06 TheThe glassglass doorsdoors havehave takentaken thethe placeplace ofof woodenwooden onesones atat thethe entrance entrance inin thethe naturalnatural lightlight duringduring thethe day A day A toto letlet b b lettingletting C C letlet D D havinghaving letlet 3 3 07 07 全国卷全国卷 I I 25 25 The The lastlast oneone payspays thethe meal meal Agreed Agreed A A arrivedarrived B B arrivesarrives C C toto arrivearrive D D arrivingarriving 4 4 07 07 北京北京 29 He29 He isis a a studentstudent atat OxfordOxford University University for for a a degreedegree forfor computercomputer science science A A studiesstudies B B studyingstudying C C havinghaving studiedstudied D D toto bebe studyingstudying 5 5 07 07 湖南湖南 29 29 AsAs thethe lightlight turnedturned green green I I stoodstood forfor a a moment moment notnot andand askedasked myselfmyself whatwhat I I waswas goinggoing toto do do A A movedmoved B B movingmoving