高中英语从句综合讲解

1 宾语从句宾语从句 在英语中 有简单句简单句 只含一个谓语动词 并列句并列句 用连词连接 含不止一个谓语动词 和复合句复合句 含从句 本 节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句宾语从句 如 She knows that he will come back soon I m afraid that I can t go to your party 1 宾语从句的宾语从句的 引导词引导词 宾语从句的引导词分三种 1 如果从句是如果从句是陈述句陈述句 引导词用 引导词用 that that 在口语中常省略 主句 He says 从句 He is tired of playing computer games He says that he is tired of playing computer games 2 如果从句是如果从句是一般疑问句一般疑问句 引导词用 引导词用 if whether 表示 表示 是否是否 主句 I don t know 从句 Does Tom likes fish I don t know if whether Tom likes fish 注意注意 whether 引导的从句常与引导的从句常与 or not 连用 而连用 而 if 不能 不能 宾语从句宾语从句可简化为可简化为 whether to do 的搭配 而没有的搭配 而没有 if to do 这种搭配这种搭配 如 Could you tell me whether I should finish my homework today or not Could you tell me whether to finish my homework today 拓展拓展 if 有两个意思 有两个意思 1 表示 是否是否 引导的是宾语从句 动词的时态视情况而定时态视情况而定 2 表示 如果如果 引导的是条件状语从句 时态用一般现在时一般现在时表示将来 遵循 主将从现主将从现 规则 经典例题 Do you know if Tom go hiking with us I m not sure But if he go I will take many photos with him 3 如果从句是如果从句是特殊疑问句特殊疑问句 直接用 直接用该疑问词该疑问词来引导 来引导 主句 Do you know 从句 what does he want to buy Do you know what he wants to buy 你知道他想要买什么吗 2 宾语从句的宾语从句的 时态时态 1 当主句是当主句是一般现在时一般现在时 从句 从句根据情况根据情况使用任何时态使用任何时态 如 She wants to know if I have finished my homework 她想知道我是否已经完成了我的作业 Do you know when he will be back 你知道他将会什么时候回来 2 当主句是当主句是一般过去时一般过去时 从句应使用 从句应使用过去的某时态过去的某时态 如 He said that she was singing 他说她正在唱歌 She wanted to know if I had finished my homework 她想知道我是否已经完成了作业 Did you know when he would come back 你知道他将会什么时候回来 注意注意 格言格言和和客观真理客观真理总是用总是用一般现在时一般现在时 如 She told me yesterday that the earth travels around the sun 2 3 宾语从句的宾语从句的 语序语序 宾语从句要用宾语从句要用陈述语序陈述语序 而不是疑问语气而不是疑问语气 如 Does he work hard I wonder I wonder if whether he works hard When did he leave I don t know I don t know when he left China 特殊情况特殊情况 What s wrong with 作宾语从句作宾语从句不需变语序不需变语序 What s the matter with 如 What s wrong with him I don t know I don t know what s wrong with him 4 宾语从句的宾语从句的 否定转移否定转移 在英语里通常不会出现 I think that he isn t right 而会把否定转移到主句中把否定转移到主句中 I don t think that he is right 5 宾语从句的宾语从句的 虚拟语气虚拟语气 在含有假设 猜想 建议假设 猜想 建议等意思的动词 如 advice suggest insist require request 等 后 宾语从句要用 should 动词原形动词原形 结构 should 常省略常省略 如 I suggest that he should study harder 这就是为什么 study 用原形 定语从句定语从句 一 定义 在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 二 特点 1 先行词 定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 2 关联词 1 引出定语从句 并作从句的一个成分 可作主语 宾语 定语 状语 作宾语可省略 2 关联词包括关系代词和关系副词 关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间 关系代词 that which who whom whose 代指先行词 关系副词 when where why 作时间状语 3 基本结构 先行词 关联词 定语从句剩余部分 四 关系代词的用法 1 that 和 which that 指人或物 作主语或宾语 作宾语可省略 主语不能 Which 指物 不指人 作主语或宾语 作宾语可省略 主语不能 His father works in a factory that which makes TV sets The coat which that I put on the desk is black 注意 The room in which I live is very big 在介词后面不能用 that 2 只能用 that 不能用 which 引导的定语从句 1 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 定语从句只能用 that This is the most interesting story that I have ever heard 3 2 先行词被序数词修饰时 定语从句只能用 that The children like the second lesson that is about The Football Match 3 先行词被 the only the very 或 the same 等修饰 定语从句只能用 that 引导 It is the only word that I know in the passage Where is the very book that I bought just now This is the same bicycle that I lost 4 先行词为 everything something anything all none much little few 等不定代词时 定语从句只能用 that I want everything that I want I am writing to tell you about something very strange that happened to me last week 5 先行词被不定代词 all any no every little much many 修饰时 只能用 that Here is all the money that I have 6 先行词是同时含有 人和物 的名词时 定语从句只能用 that I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I see in the room 7 定语从句所修饰的词为 the one 时 定语从句用 that 引导 Is it the one that you want 8 为了避免重复 在疑问词 who 之后 用 that 引导定语从句 Who is the girl that won the first place 3 who 和 whom who 指人 在句中作主语和宾语 作宾语可省略 Whom 指人 在句中只能作宾语 可省略 但在介词后面不能省略 Who is the teacher that Xiao Li is talking to The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous The doctor who whom that she went to the United States with last month is very famous 五 关系副词的用法 1 when 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing when on which 2 where 指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 This is the house where I lived two years ago 3 why 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 其先行词只有表示原因的 reason 一词 We don t know the reason why he was late for school 状语从句状语从句 介词 关系代词 关系副词 介词 关系代词 人只能用 whom 物只能用 which 4 状语的功用 状语说明地点 时间 原因 目的 结果 条件 方向 程度 方式和伴随状况等 以下是应当关于状语从句的几点注意 1 as if as though 两者的意义和用法相同 引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气 表示与事实相反 有时也用陈述语气 表示所说情 况是事实或实现的可能性较大 译作 仿佛 似的 好像 似的 They completely ignore these facts as if as though they never existed He looks as if as though he had been hit by lighting It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon 2 由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末 且前面有逗号 则可以用 for 来代替 如果不是说明直接原因 而是多种 情况加以推断 就只能用 for He is absent today because for he is ill He must be ill for he is absent today 3 though although 引导的让步状语从句 后面的从句不能有 but 但是 though 和 yet 可连用 Although it s raining they are still working in the field He is very old but he still works very hard Though the sore is healed yet a scar may remain 4 as though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前必须将表语或状语提前 形容词 副词 分词 实义动词原形提前 Child as though he was he knew what was the right thing to do 5 no matter 疑问词 或 疑问词 ever No matter what happened he would not mind Whatever happened he would not mind 高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在省略 时态的替代 语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四个方面 高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在省略 时态的替代 语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四个方面 1 成分的省略 1 在时间 地点 条件 让步 方式等状语从句中 如果主语是 it 或与主句的主语一致 且谓语动词含有 be 时 可把从句的主语和 be 一起省略 Don t speak until you are spoken to Do come to see me whenever it is possible 2 在比较状语从句中 可省略与主句相同的部分 I know you more than he knows you Tom is two years older than Alice is 3 as 尽管 引导让步状语从句倒装时 表语提前 且其前的冠词要省略 Hero as he is he has shortcomings 5 2 时态的替代 1 在时间 条件和让步状语从句中须用一般现在时替代一般将来时 用一般过去时替代过去将来时 If it rains tomorrow we won t go fishing Don t get off the bus until it has stopped 2 The more the more 句型中 前句起条件状语从句作用 故用现在时表将来 The harder you work the greater progress you ll make 3 after before as soon as 等连词本身就暗示了时间的先后 因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时 而不会产生时 间上的混乱 I went to bed after I had finished my homework The film star had left before the reporter arrived He got down to work as soon as he had go to the factory 3 语序的倒装 1 no sooner than hardly scarcely barely when 句型中的主句常用过去完成时 从句常用一般过去时 且置于 句首时主句要倒装 No sooner had he got home than it began to rain 2 so such that not until 置于句首时主句要倒装 So angry did she feel that she couldn t speak Not until he told me the truth did I realize what had happened 4 连词的辨析 根据上下文的语意推断属于哪种状语从句 然后选择连词 补充补充 连词连词 连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类 并列连词是连接主语与主语 谓语与谓语 句子与句子 分词与分词 的词 它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用 而从属连词一般连接主句与从句 从句形式有名词性从句 定语从句和状语从句等 一 并列连词 一 并列连词 并列连词可用来连接词与词 词组与词组 分句与分句 常用的并列连词有 and 和 as well as 既 又 both and 不但 而且 not only but also 不但 而且 not