英美散文考试资料.doc

Unit One Education and DiciplineParaphrase the following sentences1. This last party is larger than it has any logical fight to be. This last school of thought is unduly numerous.2. The belief that liberty will insure moral perfection is a relic of Rousseauism, and would not survive a study of animals and babies.The idea that if people were free they would be morally perfect is an outdated heritage of Rousseauism, and would be proved wrong by observing animals and babies.3. and it would be utopian to expect all the necessary cooperation to result from spontaneous impulse.and it would be unrealistic to hope that people will automatically cooperate with one another.4. their merits, therefore, are not likely to be perpetuated if their methods are undiluted. If their methods are not combined with some others, their strengths will not last long.5. formal manners are most fully developed among barbarians, and diminish with every advance in culture. Barbarians have most complicated formal ways of politeness, but the more advanced cultures have fewer formal manners.6. But children who have been sensibly handled at home can bear to be checked in minor ways, . . .The good kind of interest is the one that lies in genuine pleasure in the company of children without any other motives.7. The desirable sort of interest is that which consists in spontaneous pleasure in the presence of children, without any ulterior purpose.What is acceptable interest is the one that lies in voluntary happiness in being with children, without other secret motive.8. The society of the young is fatiguing, especially when strict discipline is avoided.It is very tiresome to be with children, particularly so when one does not use strict rules.Unit Two The Marks of an Educated Man1. Whatever ups and downs the term liberal suffers in the political vocabulary, it soars above all controversy in the educational world.（para.1） No matter whether it is regarded as a positive or a negative term in politics, the word liberal is beyond dispute a good term among educators. 2 but this kind of shrewdness goes along with a great deal of credulity.（para.7） but people possessing this kind of sharpness often tend to believe deception unduly. 3. Very few demagogues are so cynical as to remain undeceived by their own rhetoric,.(para.8) Most political agitators sincerely believe in their own propaganda. 4. Most salesmen under the intoxication of their own exuberance seem to believe in what they say. Excited by their own enthusiasm, most salesmen believe in their own sales talk. 5 and the business history has smashed through to some of its grandest triumphs across acres of broken syntax.Despite plenty of glaring grammatical mistakes, American business has achieved some great victories and it has achieved some of its greatest victories despite bad grammar. 6. The road ahead bristles with obstacles. The way forward is full of impediments. 7. We are none the better for not recognizing a clown when we see one. We are not improved if we dont see through a clown (a fraud). or: We are not improved when we fail to recognize a clown (a cheat).8. They are the only people who are putting a handsome premium on economy of statement.Only business people offer a large reward for conciseness in writing.9. Since 1914 we have steadily brutalised ourselves. Since the First World War we have increasingly made ourselves savage.10. A clinical study of a hero undergoing the irrigation of his colon is about all there is left to gratify a morbid appetite.What is left to satisfy a sickly desire is a medical description of a main character receiving treatment of his intestine.11. We are not unique in suffering from moral confusion.It is not we alone who are morally confused.12. The well-rounded man has become the organization man, or the man who is so well rounded that he rolls wherever he is pushed. The fully developed man has become the slavish conformist to his organization or the man without fixed principles so that he is easily moved by any pressure.Unit ThreeParaphrase the following sentences1. In the sharpest divergence from American values, these other countries tend to separate their college-bound from the quotidian masses in early adolescence, with scant hope for a second chance.(para. 4)_Quite different from American beliefs about what is important, these other countries are apt to put those destined for college and the ordinary children into different groups at an early age, with little hope for a second chance.2. For the individual, college may well be a credential without being a qualification, required without being requisite.(para.8)_For an ordinary person, a college education is probably a superficial proof but not a true accomplishment, something needed by his future employer but not essentially necessary.3. We would all become chiefs; hardly anyone would be left a mere Indian.(para.9)_Every individual desires to be a leader; almost no person would be content with being a subordinate.4. Nowadays colleges have to hustle for students by truckling trendily.(para.14)_At the present time colleges are forced to attract students by yielding to their demand for fashionable courses.5. Of even greater significance than the solipsism of students and the pusillanimity of teachers is the third trend, the sheer decline in the amount and quality of work expected in class.(para.15)_ More serious than the self-centered attitude of students and the hesitancy of teachers is the third trend, the damatic decrease in the amount and quality of work required in class. 6. There are introspective qualities that can enrich any society in ways beyond the material._Some qualities of examining your own thoughts and feelings can make a society spiritually rich.Unit FourParaphrase the following sentences1. But they could not quite put this feeling into words (para.6)._But they were not able to adequately express this feeling.2. He was one of a body of men who owed reverence and obeisance to no one, who were self-reliant to a fault, who cared hardly anything for the past but who had a sharp eye for the future (para.7)._He belonged to a group of men who showed respect and submitted to no authority, who were excessively independent, who were least interested in the past but who had a keen insight into what is to come.3. There was a deep, implicit dissatisfaction with a past that had settled into grooves (para.7)._There was a deep, unstated unhappiness with a past that has become rigid convention.4. No man was born to anything, except perhaps to a chance to show how far he could rise (para.7)._No individual had natural privileges, except perhaps an opportunity to demonstrate the extent to which he could advance in society.5. He saw his fate in terms of the nations own destiny(para.9)._He links his fate closely with that of his nation.6. He had, in other words, an acute dollars-and-cents stake in the continued growth and development of his country(para.9)._To put it another way, he had a vested interest in the sustained growth and development of his nation.7. No part of either mans life became him more than the part he played in this brief meetingin the McLean house at Appomattox (para.16)._Each mans conduct at this brief meetingshowed his best quality in his life.8. Their behavior there put all succeeding generations of Americans in their debt(para.16)._The way they treated each other benefited all future generations of Americans.Unit FiveParaphrase the following sentences1.the first fact one encounters is the slighter emphasis on a number of character types than stand out elsewhere in Western society (para. 1)_ the first fact one meets unexpectedly is that a few character types receive less stress than (similar character types that) are prominent or outstanding in other parts of western society.2. The technicians detachment from everything except effective results becomes-in the realm of character-an ethical vacuum that strips the results of much of their meaning.(para. 4)_The aloofness of the technician from everything except effective results gives rise to moral indifference that deprives the results of much significance.3. Although he is not neutral in fact, he may be militantly partisan his partisanship is on the side of the big battalions.(para. 5)_ Although he may take sides, and aggressively takes up the stand of a social group, he is always on the side of the majority.4. He lives in terror of being caught in a minority where his insecurity will be conspicuous.(para. 5)_ He is always afraid of being found among the group with fewer people, where his lack of safety will be quite noticeable.5. He gains a sense of stature by joining the dominant group, as he gains security by makinghimself indistinguishable from that group. (para. 5)_He feels self-important by becoming a member of the ruling class, as he feels safe by immersing himself in that class.6. Anxious to efface any unique traits of his own, he exacts conformity from others.(para.5)_ As he is eager to eliminate his individual characteristics, he forces other people to acceptestablished practices.7. There are very few young Americans who are likely to escape the uniform of the ArmedServices. (para. 6)_Most young Americans are destined to serve in the army and wear the uniform.8. What he wants is a secure niche in a society whose men are constantly being pulled upward or trodden down.(para. 7)_ The object of his desire is a safe position in a society with lots of social mobility.9. There is a sense of security in having grooves with which to move.(para. 6)_ One feels safe in going by the routine.10. With the uniform goes an urge toward pride of status and a routineering habit of mind.(para. 6)_ Along with the uniform is the strong desire to gain a prominent position and a conventional way of thinking.Unit Six1. I soon discovered that variety is not the spice but the very stuff of life.(para. 7)_Before long I found out that it is essential to have different kinds of experience, which are not something dispensable.2. It has been a complacent male assumption that intelligent women dont mind doing thekind of tedious tasks that would send an intelligent man right up the wall.(para.8)_ Men are self-satisfied in their belief that clever women are not bothered with undertaking boring tasks that would drive a smart man crazy.3. When anguished, they keep a stiff upper lip and perforate their ulcers.(para. 9)_ When suffering from misery, they (men) endure silently without showing their emotion, thus causing holes to appear in their ulcers.4. We come by our hungry brains in a natural progression.(para. 11)_ We acquire our knowledge-hungry intellect through evolution. 5. Ennui is so pervasive and so nebulous.(para. 14)_ Boredom is so widespread and so vague (hard to define).6. The depression and anxiety of boredom seems to be generated by ones perception of thevalue of the work and the degree of envious awareness of more exciting possibilities.(para. 15)_ The low spirits and worry of boredom seem to be caused by how one values the work how much one knows about more exciting possibilities.ReplaceUnit One2. a) a modicum o