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毕业设计（中英文翻译）信息系统的发展信息系统的未来发展是不可估量的。这里主要谈谈其中两项主要发展，即知识管理系统和企业集成型信息系统。近年来随着企业信息管理的发展，知识管理作为一门新的学问诞生了。知识管理指的是企业有能力收集知识，或从信息中归纳产生知识，利用知识，并在此基础上有效地开展企业活动。企业信息管理已发展多年，许多企业已有相对较全面的信息系统。但针对企业内外运作和决策知识以知识系统形式的收集，整理和利用才刚刚开始，与此有关的新方法新手段也正在开发之中。在当前来说如何开发和利用企业知识成为企业竞争性的一个标志，这方面的工作需要信息技术和其它学科的协作攻关。目前的一个趋势是在现有信息系统的基础上使其逐步转变为知识系统。这些系统的设计与前有所不同，主要区别在于注重在知识管理的框架下设计系统。知识是为解决问题或作决策而被加以整理和转换的信息。知识可分为两类。一类称为显式知识(Explicit Knowledge)。显式知识可用形式语言编码表示。这种知识易于表示，储存和使用。另一类知识称为隐式知识(Tacit Knowledge)。隐式知识一般难以表示和交流。在知识管理中，隐式知识可通过对案例，经验，解决实际问题时的知识产生进行分析而获取。企业知识的产生可有多种形式，如获取新知识，知识的聚变，知识的更新，知识网络等。知识管理涉及到许多方法问题。知识管理不仅仅涉及技术问题，还包括系统的环境，如何表示显式和隐式知识。知识管理的目的之一是从企业的无形资产中创造价值。在具体实施时，知识管理都有一具体目标和对象。比如说知识管理用于企业规划制定。知识管理可促生创新思路，促成企业策略的实施，改进企业过程并加强在企业范围内的知识传播。目前信息系统的设计正在朝如何有利于集成和分享知识的方向发展。集成型信息系统是当前企业信息系统的主要发展方向之一。在当今激烈竞争的国际市场中，电子商务正在成为一种新的商务手段。电子商务的全面实现需要信息基础设施的支持。ERP系统是电子商务所需的信息基础平台。目前ERP系统正在朝协助企业向集成化转型并在实质水平上支持电子商务运作的方向发展。可以说ERP应运而生正是迎合了现代企业对集成化的需求。在企业集成化的概念下，ERP系统把与企业活动有关的数据，运作模式和系统功能联成一体，支持和促进企业集成化管理。ERP系统支持的功能有许多其中包括客户关系管理(CRM)，供应链管理(SCM)和电子商务等。ERP系统的前身是物料需求规划系统(MRP)，制造资源规划系统(MRPII)以及计算器集成制造(CIM)。目前开发的ERP系统主要是在供应链环境下通过整合企业内各功能部门如生产制造，工程研发，运输，财务，会计，仓储管理等更有效地实现企业运作。从系统角度来说，ERP已从传统的联机事务处理系统转而成为一种高度集成的企业信息系统。值得注意的是，在过去的十多年中，为适应电子商务时代的企业集成化需要，美国许多企业正以ERP系统取代原有的管理信息系统。统计数据表明作为企业集成型信息系统代表的ERP系统是90年代信息产业最大单项投资之一。这一趋势意味着市场对传统的信息系统包括生产运作系统，管理信息系统以及决策支持系统的需求正在减少，而对集成型的企业信息系统如ERP的需求有所上升。目前开发的ERP系统确实已包含了原生产运作系统，管理信息系统和决策支持系统的功能，并使原先独立的单一系统更具整合性和集成性。由于ERP系统正在取代企业现有的信息系统，ERP正成为信息系统学界的一个重要研究课题。一个完整的ERP系统应为企业提供所有功能，能把企业各功能部门无缝整合起来，从而为企业各层次提供决策支持。但由于企业的整合以及系统的整合其本身是一个相当复杂的过程，所以研发和运行ERP系统同时对ERP制造商和用户来说是一种挑战。目前有关ERP系统的两大研究课题是从管理理论探索运行ERP系统的经验并开发为研制高效ERP系统所需的企业运作建模工具。第一个课题主要就影响供应链环境中实施ERP促成企业集成决策的关键因素建模并作理论分析。通过研究将寻求的答案包括企业实施ERP系统的成功失败原因分析，运行ERP系统时企业应如何开展企业过程重组，企业如何缩小企业现有运作模式和ERP系统中内设企业运作模式之间的差距等。第二个课题主要是开发可较好描述企业过程的工具手段从而为企业过程和ERP系统相匹配提供方便。在这方面的研究中，企业运作模型(Enterprise Modeling)为较好模拟企业运作并为ERP系统与企业过程相匹配提供一个较好的框架。企业运作模型起源于生产运作管理，用于描述企业过程和功能。在这一框架下已有的方法包括ARIS，CIMOSA，GERAM，GRAI，NIAM，PERA，SADT和TOVE等。目前的研究方向是用多学科方式建立切合实际的企业模型从而为研制和成功运行ERP系统奠定基础。研究主要涉及建立一个新的方法学框架其中包括现有的企业建模方法，技术-非技术因素方法，解释性方法和其它复杂系统方法。除了上述有关ERP的两大研究课题外，其它研究课题包括ERP的普通管理理论研究，ERP的知识管理研究，ERP的信息技术研究，ERP和供应链管理的关系研究，ERP在电子商务中所起作用等。除了上述两大研究课题外，在信息系统学科中目前有许多课题正在被研究。这些课题包括：从信息需求与企业过程的关系来定义企业，信息系统战略规划，如何有效利用作为企业无形资产的数据资源，信息系统专用人才培养，利用信息系统发现新市场，如何使企业信息系统和企业结构相匹配，软件开发的质量问题，开放系统，数据安全问题，如何计量信息系统的效率和效果，分布式系统，计算器辅助软件工程，信息技术基础建设等VIIIThe development of information systemThe information system future development will be inestimable. Here mainly chats two main development .It is the knowledge management system management system and the enterprise integration information system . In recent years along with the enterprise information management development，knowledge management took a recent knowledge was born. The knowledge management refers is the enterprise has the ability to collect the knowledge，or induces from the information has the knowledge，use knowledge，and effectively carries out the enterprise activities in this foundation. The enterprise information management has developed many years ，many enterprises to have the relative more comprehensive information system. But the operation and the policy-making knowledge only then just started in view of the enterprise inside and outside by the knowledge system form collection ，reorganization and the use， also is developing with this related new method new method .In current said how develops and becomes an enterprise unexpectedly struggle sign. This aspect using the enterprise knowledge the job requirement information technology and other disciplines cooperation attacks. A present tendency is causes it at in the existing information system foundation gradually to transform into the knowledge system. These systems designs with first have the different main difference to lie in the attenion to design the system in under the knowledge management frame .The knowledge is for lies between definitely the question or makes the decision-making to perform to reorganize and the transformation information. The knowledge may divide into two kinds. A kind is called the explicit knowledge to shift (Explicit Knowledge). The explicit knowledge may use the formal language to code the expression. This kind of knowledge is easy to express ，the storage and the use. Another kind of knowledge is called hides the type knowledge to shift (Tacit Knowledge). Hides the type knowledge generally with difficulty to express and the exchange. passable hides the type knowledge in the knowledge management ，to lie between definitely time the actual problem knowledge to the case ，experience to produce carries on the analysis to gain. The enterprise knowledge production may have the many kinds of forms ， like to gain the new knowledge ，knowledge the fusion ，knowledge renewal ，knowledge network and so on. The knowledge management involves to many methods questions. How the knowledge management not merely involves the technical question ， also to include the system the environment ，to express explicit and hides the type knowledge . One of knowledge management goals is creates the value from enterprises intangible asset. When concrete implementation ， the knowledge management all has a concrete goal and the object. For instance said the knowledge management uses in the business planning formulation. The knowledge management may press to live the innovation mentality， to facilitate the enterprise strategy the implementation ，improvement enterprise process and strengthens in the enterprise scope the knowledge dissemination. At present is the information system design facing is how advantageous develops to integrated and the share knowledge direction .The integration information system is one of current enterprise information system main development directions. In now intense unexpectedly struggles in the international market ， the electronic commerce is becoming one new commercial method. The electronic commerce comprehensive realization needs the information infrastructure the support .The ERP system is the information foundation platform which the electronic commerce needs. At present the ERP system is facing the assistance enterprise supports the electronic commerce operation to integrated reforming and in the substantive level the direction to develop. May say ERP arose at the historic moment is precisely has catered to the modern enterprise to the integrated demand. the ERP system connects in under the enterprise integration concept and the enterprise activities related data ，operation pattern and the system function a body ，support and the promotion enterprise integration management .The ERP system support function has many including the customer relations management (CRM) ，the supply chain management (SCM) and the electronic commerce and so on. The ERP system predecessor is the material demand plan is green MRP) ，the manufacture resources plan is green (MRPII) as well as calculator integration system(CIM) .At present develops the ERP system mainly is various functions department like production manufacture， project research and development， transportation ， finance ， accountant， stores in a storehouse the management under the supply chain environment through the conformity enterprise in and so on effectively to realize the enterprise operation， From the system angle said ， ERP has processed the system from traditional on-line business to transfer becomes the enterprise information system which one kind highly integrates. The worth noting was for adapts the electronic commerce time enterprise integration in the past more than 10 years to need .American many enterprises by the ERP system substitution original management information system. The statistical data indicates as enterprise integration information system representatives ERP system ， one of 90 ages information industries biggest single item investments . This tendency meant the market is reducing to the traditional information system including the production operation system ， management information system as well as the decision-making support program demand ，but has the rise to the integration enterprise information system like ERP demand . At present develops the ERP system has truly contained the original production operation system， management information system and the decision-making support program function ， and causes originally the independent sole system to have the integration. Because the ERP system is substituting for enterprise existing information system .ERP to become the information system educational world an important research topic . A complete ERP system should provide all functions for the enterprise ，to be able to get up the enterprise various functions department seamless conformity ， thus provides for the enterprise various levels the policy-making support. But because enterprises conformity as well as system conformity its itself is a quite complex process ， therefore researches and develops and moves at the same time the ERP system to the ERP manufacturer and the user said is one kind of challenge. At present the related ERP system two big research topic is moves the ERP system experience from the management theory exploration and the development the enterprise operation modelling tool which needs for the development highly effective ERP system . The first topic mainly implements ERP on the influence supply chain environment in to facilitate the enterprise to integrate policy-making the key aspect modelling and makes the theoretical analysis. Does the answer will seek which through the research how implement the ERP system the success defeat reason analysis， moves when the ERP system the enterprise including the enterprise to be supposed to develop the enterprise process reorganization ， enterprise how to reduce the enterprise existing operation pattern and in the ERP system in supposes between the enterprise operation pattern the disparity and so on .The second topic mainly is the development may better describe the enterprise process tool method thus matches for the enterprise process and the ERP system provides the convenience. The enterprise operation model (Enterprise Modeling) is the better simulation enterprise operation and is the ERP system and the enterprise process matches in this aspect research provides a better frame. The enterprise operation model origins to the production operation management ， uses in to describe the enterprise process and the function . Under this frame already the method which has including ARIS ， CIMOSA ， GERAM ， GRAI， NIAM， PERA ， SADT and TOVE and so on. The present research direction is establishes the realistic enterprise model with the multi-disciplinary way thus moves the ERP system for the development and the success to lay the foundation. Studies mainly involves establishes a new methodology frame including the existing enterprise modelling method ，technique ，non-
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