2013广东高考读写任务.doc

2013广东高考读写任务说明文类写作概述速成 广东省高考英语读写任务题型历年来大多数读写材料是说明文类，所以掌握好对说明类短文的概述技巧和规律就成了广大考生考前必须突破的一项任务。写好概述争取概述部分的满分，就为正文部分得高分奠定了基础。一、说明文一般是先呈现一种社会现象，然后陈述其原因、结果（正面积极的社会影响即好的结果，或是给社会造成的负面影响即危害），人们对这种现象的看法、议论，有时会涉及解决这种现象的办法，或作者呼吁大家采取哪种行动等等。例1：2013广州二模读写任务阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。The serious decline in the health of Chinese students is causing concern among parents, schools and experts. The next generations future is in danger and there is a need to understand the causes of the problem and find a solution.In the last 10 years, studies have found an alarming increase in:Obesity The number of overweight middle school students has doubled. Poor diet, especially the overeating of junk food and the overdrinking of soft drinks, and the lack of physical activity are identified as the main reasons for this problem.Poor eyesightMore students now wear glasses and from an earlier age. Long hours of study and heavy use of computers and mobile phones are most commonly blamed.StressStudents feel under more pressure to succeed than ever before. The long hours of study and homework they must do to achieve success, plus pressure from parents and schools are the main causes.Some have suggested including Physical Education (P. E.) in the Gaokao as a possible solution to students health problems. They say this will force students to be more active, play sports and therefore lose weight. Others, however, oppose the idea, saying that adding one more test to the Gaokao would only increase students workload and stress and would actually worsen their overall health.Although there is no easy answer, all agree that something must be done to stop the serious decline in students health.【写作内容】1以约30个词概括这段短文的内容；2然后以约120个词就“健康与学习”的话题进行写作，内容包括： (1)你是否赞成体育人高考及原因； (2)健康与学习的关系； (3)你认为还有什么方式可以帮助学生提高身体素质。【写作要求】1在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；2作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。【评分标准】 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。第73 篇 读写任务(二模）概述一 This passage lists some of the causes for the decline of Chinese students health and discusses one possible solution to the problem including P.E. in the Gaokao.(W;27)概述二 Students health has become worse and worse, such as obesity, poor eyesight and stress. It causes concerns among people. Some suggest including P.E, in the Gaokao, to solve the problem, while others are opposed.(W;34)概述三 The decline of the Chinese students health causes concerns among people. Although not all agree to the solution to include P.E, in the Gaokao, all think measures should be taken toprevent the decline.(W;34)In my opinion, its unreasonable to include P.E. in the Gaokao. While students may spend more time doing physical exercise to prepare for the test, this doesnt mean they will improve their health. On the contrary, additional test pressure and excessive exercise may make their health worse. Moreover, its unfair to students born with health problems and to those not gifted in sports.It is often said that “a healthy mind needs a healthy body.” With good health, you have enough energy to perform at your best. I think the core issue however is how to get students healthier. Besides a test, I think schools should do things such as stop selling the soft drinks and junk food, as well as give students less homework and more time for outdoor activities.例2：2013年韶关市高考模拟测试（一） 读写任务（共1小题，满分25分）阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 A young man was slapped in the face until he bled because he didnt offer his seat to a woman with a baby on a bus in downtown Hangzhou. Later he was proved to be a disabled person. In a series of cases nationwide, we see people being beaten for refusing to give up their seats on public transport, which seems to be a moral problem about correct behavior and self-sacrifice. People with moral deficiency (who dont give up their seats to deserving people) can be condemned, but they dont deserve to be treated with violence because they offend moral values and not laws. In comparison, the attackers behave worse. The attackers regard relying on violence as their only choice if people ignore their appeals to give up their seats. It seems they start a shout or a fight for the sake of justice, but can they still think of their personal intention when they call violence justice? This “violent justice” can confuse many people and encourage them to do the same, especially when we are overpowered by illogical mood. If cruel and rude acts are rooted in childrens hearts, society will never step into civilization. The practice violates common values, neither solving problems nor safeguarding civilized society.【写作内容】1、以约30个词概括短文的要点。2、以约120个词谈谈你对这一事件的看法，内容包括：1）读完这则新闻，你有什么感受？2）假如你是车上的一名乘客，你会怎样做？3）就如何创建和谐社会提出你的建议。【写作要求】你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。【评分标准】概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。第82 篇 读写任务（韶关一模） The news is about a young disabled man attacked on a bus for not offering his seat to a woman with a baby, which leads a debate about who is right and who is wrong.现象（事件），引起的议论。说明文说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象解释/ 分述现象，原因、结果（好的或危害），解决办法，说明文说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象解释/ 分述说明文的概述规律现象/观点，原因、结果（好的或危害，产生的社会反响）；解决办法；呼吁；观点（作者）或人们的看法。提出观点的目的。范文研读分析感悟例3：第6篇 读写任务（优化卷1）- 出国旅游要举止文明 对出国旅游时我们应该注意什么进行议论。内容包括： With the rapid growth of tourism and a lag in quality of domestic tourists, China is launching a campaign to improve its tourism and overseas image.现象，解决办法例4：第15篇 读写任务（双语报第5 期） Advertising can help increase the sales of products. The more frequently a certain product appears in advertisements, the more famous it becomes. Therefore, the author thinks that powerful advertisements mean high sales.现象/观点，原因、结果（好的或危害），解决办法例5：第4篇 读写任务（优化卷2） People often blame things on their destinies. In fact, according to the author, it is your attitude and character, rather than destiny, that determine your life. Besides, the author advises us to seek every chance of good luck to enjoy life and not worry about destiny.观点，解释/ 分述，建议/呼吁例6：第12篇 双语报第三期 读写任务内容包括:(1)简述青少年与父母顶嘴的情况; (2) 列举这些情况所带来的不良影响；（3）青少年摆脱这种情况的重要性和做法。 Teenagers want to be independent but fail to express themselves, ending up with talking back or showing disrespect. Childrens talking back often makes parents feel hopeless and helpless. Parents should offer support to guide their children properly. (W:37)现象，原因、结果（好的或危害），解决办法第25篇 读写任务（周报18期） The passage tells us that the art collection market in China is active now, but it is filled with fake products, which has a very bad effect on our domestic market.现象，原因、结果（好的或危害）。第31篇 第二节 读写任务(第四次摸底湛江上期） A hospital advertisement appearing in the text books made parents angry and caused a heated discussion/argument. Though the creator of the advertisement explained the illustration is not an ad for a hospital but shows the human love, people were still worried about it.现象，结果（引起的反响），不同看法。第36篇 读写任务 概述二 The passage mainly tells us what table manners are. By showing readers some different table manners in different countries, the passage reminds people to value table manners.现象解释，目的。第38篇 读写任务 (双语报12期） The passage gives some examples to show that current affairs affect our daily lives greatly, which most of us ignore. So we should pay attention to the current affairs and form good habits of keeping up with them.举例说明现象（大众的做法），结果（引起的反响），不同看法。第44篇读写任务： The passage shows that nowadays boys tend to perform worse than girls in all aspects in school, which is known as the “boy crisis”. Experts suggest that same-sex schooling may be a possible solution to the problem.现象解释、结果；目的，解决办法。第49篇读写任务（双语报17期） Quite a few children in the UK cycle to school so as to reduce fuel costs. Top cyclist Mark Cavendish expressed his satisfaction and hopes to make it easy for them to join in the activity.范文14. 读写任务（第二次摸底测试） The author thinks relaxation plays an important part in life, and people feeling relaxed can easily do better in work or study, compared with the tired people. But most pay little attention to it, and only after getting everything done do they consder taking a rest.(W:46) 议论 观点，支撑句，事实（分述，不同者的结果）3. 读写任务读写任务要求学生应用阅读和写作技能完成语言的交际任务，考查学生综合应用语言的能力包括用英语获取信息、处理信息、传达信息的能力、分析问题、解决问题的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力。在评分时，应注意以下几个方面：（1）按照评分标准，实行分析综合法评分。（2）概要：要求能抓住文章所含的关键词，即：decline of health, cause / reason, solution。概括应包括以下要点：some of the causes for the decline of Chinese students healthpossible solution to the problem including P.E. in the Gaokao（3）正文：写作内容应该包括：是否赞成体育入高考及原因；进而简述健康与学习的关系；一两点可以帮助学生提高身体素质的建议。2013年广东高考题读写任务之概述方法透析一、概括部分包含几种能力。 第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上，所谓“读写任务”其实是“读”和“写”的有机结合，“读”的材料是为了后面的“写”提供情景，同样， “写”也是对“读”的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。 概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。 标准的概括采用，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。二、概括的写作步骤：1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。三、读写任务写作技巧。1、细读文章，把握大意，精准转述。（读写任务写作第一部分要求） 准确地把握阅读材料的结构和思路，了解作者的观点和意图是转述好原材料的必要途径。一般情况下，文章体裁不同，概括大意的方法也不同。 对于故事性、记叙性的文体，其要点涣散，有可能遍布文章每一角落。因此，考生概括时应抓住两要点：1、是找出文中的时间、地点、人物、事件（过程），原因、结果（影响、感悟、启发、启迪、结论）；2、是找出文中、段中的主题句。学生结合这两个要点，用自己的语言，把文章内容介绍清楚，做到言简意赅。例:“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。 文体主题句支撑句 议论文文章论点（一句）文章论据（两三句） 记叙文故事的写作目的/ 主题（一句）故事大意（两句）第41篇（2012广州市调研）读写任务 以约120词就“制定规划与达成目标”这一主题进行议论概述一：Beavers working very hard can build very good dams. However, they sometimes dont know where to build the dams because they are not able to make a plan before building dams. They should learn how to make a good plan. ( W:39)概述二：Although beavers are very good at building good dams, they sometimes dont know how to draw up a good plan to build dams in the right places. They should learn that its not enough to work hard. ( W:36)第58篇 读写任务 (深圳一模拟) 概述一 Li Yong, once a good student, became a very disappointing one. Having realized that, he carved some encouraging words on the desk to show his determination, which gave Li Hua a mixed feeling. 概述二 ( By Ou Mingxin, my best kid)The passage tells us that Li Huas best friend, Li Yong, is good. But three months ago he behaved badly at school and one day realizing his mistakes, he carved some words on his desk to encourage himself to change.说明文说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象解释/ 分述第6篇 读写任务（优化卷1）- 出国旅游要举止文明 对出国旅游时我们应该注意什么进行议论。内容包括： With the rapid growth of tourism and a lag in quality of domestic tourists, China is launching a campaign to improve its tourism and overseas image.第15篇 读写任务（双语报第5 期） Advertising can help increase the sales of products. The more frequently a certain product appears in advertisements, the more famous it becomes. Therefore, the author thinks that powerful advertisements mean high sales.第4篇 读写任务（优化卷2） People often blame things on their destinies. In fact, according to the author, it is your attitude and character, rather than destiny, that determine your life. Besides, the author advises us to seek every chance of good luck to enjoy life and not worry about destiny.四、写概括的具体方法口诀：缩长间短，省却细节，抛弃例子。1、The Steps of Writing a Summary1）定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时；不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage tells us that- - -.2）定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。（特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称；）3）定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。lUse words of similar meanings同义替换法I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didnt catch any fish_ I was not patient.lAdopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法You will fail. = You will _.lChange the part of speech词性转换法Patience is very important. Patience is of _ .lChange the structure of a sentence句式变化法l语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.Children should _more praise.l简单句变复合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, _ will help them learn faster.lUse the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。We should encourage children. We should not scold them.=We should encourage children_ scolding them.lChange the order of the words.词序改变法l下列是常规的实用技巧。1: Omit (省略) the details2: Omit the repetitions3: Omit the examples4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words )5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech五、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：第一步, 通读全文, 领略大意;第二步,小结每一段的大意;第三步, 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 综合归纳全文的大意.1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子（即一两个主要节日）。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” =可以概括为： “He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” =可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”8)还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。六、不同体裁材料文的概述方法-概述的具体分类1、说明文、应用文适用于用“段意合并法”(1)对于说明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如，可以概括如下“This article points out the common phenomenon”(2)说明文概要模板a. 现象揭示类：This article points out the common phenomenon -（主题), which.（补充解释）.b. 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe article compares the benefits of studying alone with those of studying in groups. It is good for students to focus what they are doing by studying alone and they can avoid interruption, while group study creates a more enjoyable learning environment.The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.c. 研究显示类：The study reveals(揭露) thatThe purpose of the report is to show that2、记叙文适用于用“要素串联法”(1)记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, why, how即“时间、地点、人物、事件、过程、原因、结果（感悟、启发、启迪、号召、结论、收获等）给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。 (2) 记叙文概要模板a.点明写作目的类：The writer tells us（主题）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情节）.b.作者经历类：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人经历类：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.记叙文的概要则可以从以下模板中选择：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _2、议论文适用于用“主题概括法” 议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。 第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句. 第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。(2)议论文概要模板议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who do, but also pay attention to.The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.The essay/passage/author compares friendship between A and B.The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.The article gives the view thatshould/shouldnt（主题）.（补充论据）.The passage highlights(强调) the importance of sth.The author argues thatC.通用型模板：According to the passage, we knowThis article is mainly aboutThe writer states thatAs can be learn this passage, - - -The passage says thatIn this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of满分范文总汇第2篇The passage tells us something about Micro Blogs. More and more students, like Zhai Langwei, get face-to-face interaction with celebrities in academia and broaden their horizons第4篇 读写任务) The authors father was born in a poor family and started to work at an early age. Though his career was not always smooth, he worked hard and set up his own company. The author was great