牛津高中英语语法复习(模块3-4).doc

牛津高中英语语法复习（模块3-4）名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。（二）主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。e.g. Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（三）表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.（四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。e.g. Im interested in whether youve finished the work. Im interested in what youve said.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g. I wonder if it doesnt rain.用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。e.g. I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/ if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time. They dont know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time.（五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.练习：1.The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all. A. that B. what C. why D. which 2.The fact _ he was successful proves his ability. A. that B. what C. which D. why 3.The news _ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. A. what B. that C. why D. when 4.His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down. A. which B. that C./ D. it 5.I have no idea _ he will start. A. when B. that C. what D./ 6.Ive come from the government with a message _ the meeting wont be held tomorrow. A. if B. that C. whether D. which 7.The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him. A. when B. which C. what D. that 8.The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late. A. which B. whether C. that D. what 9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear _ he would die of the disease. A. that B. as C. of which D. which 10.He often asked me the question _ the work was worth doing. A. whether B. where C. that D. when 11. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether12. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that13. Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which14.There are signs _ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A. that B. which C. in which D. whose 15. We can see the same signs _ stand out throughout the city. A. that B. which C. in which D. whoseKeys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意： 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isnt easy to study.7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。练习：1.I, who_ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.am B.is C.are D.be2. The rich _ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I _ his students.A.are B.am C.is D.was4. Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I _ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I _ good at painting. Both of us _ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is7. Every boy and every girl _ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China _ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China _ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Every means _ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,_ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor_.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There _ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class_ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses _ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesn t change B.dont change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao s works _ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works_ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Games _ held every _ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were22.He is the only one of die students who _ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that _ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been24.Many a man _ come to help us.A.have B.has C.is D.are25.All_ present and all_ going on well, our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are26. The police _ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching27.Your trousers_ dirty.You must have_ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them28.This pair of trouseis _ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were29. One and a half bananas _ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have30. Eight times eight _ sixty - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equalKeys:15 AAACA 610 CBDAD 1115 ACABA 1620 AABDB 2125 ADCBC 2630 BCAAA 3135 ACAAB 3640 CABBA 4145 BCCCA 4650 ADBBC情态动词1 情态动词的语法特征 1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。2 比较can 和be able to 1）cancould 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2）只用be able to a. 位于助动词后。 b. 情态动词后。 c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 d. 用于句首表示条件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示时态1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。 - Could I have the television on? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant.2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。3 比较may和might 1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为不妨。 If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. mustB. may C. can D. will答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。4 比较have to和must 1)两词都是必须的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事） 2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday. 3） 在否定结构中： dont have to 表示不必mustnt表示禁止， You dont have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。 You mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。5 must表示推测 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为一定。2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。 You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较： He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。 3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。 I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it. 5) 否定推测用 cant。 If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。6 表示推测的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1）情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。I dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3）情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet. It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。 注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。7 情态动词+ have +过去分词 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有肯定，谅必的意思。- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.-She must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示不该做某事而做了。You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。） ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4) neednt have done sth 本没必要做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineednt have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.8 should 和ought to should 和ought to 都为应该的意思，可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to. 表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。9 had better表示最好 had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth had better not do sthIt is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat.Shed better not play with the dog. had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为本来最好。You had better have come earlier.10 would rather表示宁愿 would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 宁愿而不愿。 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.典型例题- Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Which _ do? A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为宁愿，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。11 will和would 注意： 1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me? 2）Will you?Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。 Would you like some cake?3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, wont you是一种委婉语气。 Wont you sit down?12 情态动词的回答方式 问句肯定回答否定回答Need you?Yes, I must.No,I needntMust you?/dont have to. 典型例题1）-Could I borrow your dictionary?-Yes, of course, you_. A. mightB. will C. can D. should 答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。2）-Shall I tell John about it?-No, you _. Ive told him already. A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt 答案A。neednt 不必，不用。 wouldnt 将不, 不会的。 mustnt 禁止、不能。 shouldnt不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用neednt。3）-Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. -_.A. I dont B