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听力 TPO1 33 文本

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Practice makes perfect TPO1 13 Conversation 1 13 TPO 1 Lecture 1 Contemporary art 14 TPO 1 Lecture2 Geology 16 TPO 1 Conversation 2 17 TPO 1 Lecture 3 Archeology 18 TPO 1 Lecture 4 Biology 19 TPO2 21 Conversation 1 21 TPO2 Lecture 1 Psychology 23 TPO2 Lecture 2 Botany 24 TPO 2 Conversation 2 25 TPO2 Lecture 3 Philosophy 27 TPO 2 Lecture 4 Astronomy 28 TPO 3 29 Conversation 1 29 TPO 3 Lecture 1 Environmental science 31 TPO 3 Lecture 2 Film history 33 TPO 3 Conversation 2 34 TPO 3 Lecture 3 Art History 36 TPO 3 Lecture 4 Astronomy 37 TPO 4 38 Conversation 1 38 TPO 4 Lecture 1 Biology 40 TPO 4 Lecture 2 Literature 41 TPO 4 Conversation 2 42 TPO 4 Lecture 3 Geology 44 TPO 4 Lecture 4 United States government 45 TPO-5 47 Conversation 1 47 TPO 5 Lecture 1 Sociology 49 TPO 5 Lecture 2 Astronomy 50 TPO 5 Conversation 2 52 TPO 5 Lecture 3 Chemistry 53 TPO 5 Lecture 4 Literature 54 TPO 6 56 Conversation1 56 TPO 6 Lecture 1 Economics 58 TPO 6 Lecture 2 Biology 59 TPO 6 Conversation 2 60 TPO 6 Lecture 3 Creative Writing 62 TPO 6 Lecture 4 Earth Science 63 TPO 7 65 Conversation 1 65 TPO 7 Lecture 1 Theater History 66 TPO 7 Lecture 2 Biology 67 TPO 7 Conversation 69 TPO 7 Lecture 3 Anthropology 70 TPO 7 Lecture 4 Geology 71 TPO 8 72 Conversation 1 72 TPO 8 Lecture 1 Animal Behavior 73 TPO 8 Lecture 2 Art History 74 TPO 8 Conversation 2 75 TPO 8 Lecture 3 History 77 TPO8 Lecture 4 Chemistry 78 TPO 9 79 Conversation 1 79 TPO 9 Lecture 1 Theater 80 TPO 9 Lecture 2 Environmental Science 81 TPO 9 Conversation 2 83 TPO 9 Lecture 3 Geology 84 TPO 9 Lecture 4 Linguistic 85 TPO 10 87 Conversation 1 87 TPO 10 Lecture 1 Marine Biology 88 TPO10 Lecture 2 European History 89 TPO10 Conversation 2 90 TPO10 Lecture 3 Ecology 92 TPO10 Lecture 4 Psychology 94 TPO 11 95 Conversation 1 95 TPO11 Lecture 1 Biology 97 TPO11 Lecture 2 Architecture 98 TPO 11 Conversation2 100 TPO11 Lecture 3 Environmental science 102 TPO11 Lecture 4 Business 104 TPO 12 105 Conversation 1 105 TPO12 Lecture 1 Biology 107 TPO12 Lecture 2 Business 108 TPO 12 Conversation 2 109 TPO 12 Lecture 3 Music history 111 TPO12 Lecture 4 Environmental science 113 TPO 13 114 Conversation 1 114 TPO 13 Lecture 1 City planning 116 TPO 13 Lecture 2 Ecology 117 TPO 13 Conversation 2 119 TPO 13 Lecture 3 Poetry 121 TPO 13 Lecture 4 Astronomy 123 TPO 14 124 Conversation 1 124 TPO 14 Lecture 1 Psychology 126 TPO 14 Lecture 2 Biology 127 TPO 14 Conversation 2 128 TPO 14 Lecture 3 Astronomy 130 TPO 14 Lecture 4 Archeology 131 TPO 15 133 Conversation 1 133 TPO 15 Lecture 1 Psychology 134 TPO 15 Lecture 2 Geology 136 TPO 15 Conversation 2 137 TPO 15 Lecture 3 Art History 138 TPO 15 Lecture 4 Biology 139 TPO 16 141 Conversation1 141 TPO 16 Lecture 1 geology 143 TPO 16 Lecture 2 music history 145 TPO 16 Script Conversation 2 146 TPO 16 Lecture 3 biology 148 TPO 16 Lecture 4 art history 149 TPO 17 151 Conversation 1 151 TPO 17 Lecture 1 Art History(Prehistoric Art Dating) 153 TPO 17 Lecture 2 Environmental Science(Milankovitch Hypothesis) 155 TPO 17 Conversation 2 157 TPO 17 Lecture 3 History(Ancient Egyptian Calendar) 159 TPO 17 Lecture 4 Biology(Octopus) 161 TPO-18 163 Conversation 1 163 TPO 18 Lecture 1 Astronomy 163 TPO 18 Lecture 2 Art History 165 TPO 18 Conversation 2 167 TPO 18 Lecture 3 European History 167 TPO 18 Lecture 4 Biology 169 TPO 19 171 Conversation 1 171 TPO 19 Lecture 1 Linguistics(Proto-Indo-European) 173 TPO 19 Lecture 2 Astronomy(Radio Astronomy & Optical Astronomy) 174 TPO 19 Conversation 2 176 TPO 19 Lecture 3 Marine Biology(Plant Life in Salt Marshes) 178 TPO 19 Lecture 4 Art History(Cecilia Beaux) 180 TPO20 181 Section1 Conversation1-Student&Librarian 181 TPO20 Lecture1-Linguistics(Gricean Maxims) 183 TPO20 Lecture2-Environmental Science(Interglacial Periods) 184 TPO20 Section2 Conversation2-Student&Professor 186 TPO20 Lecture3-Literature(Folktales) 187 TPO20 Lecture4-Biology(Snowshoe Hare) 189 TPO-21 191 Conversation1 191 TPO 21 Lecture 1 Astronomy(Geocentric&Heliocentric theory) 193 TPO21 Lecture 2 Computer Science(Software Development) 195 TPO21 Conversation 2 197 TPO21 Lecture3 Biology(Snake Evolution) 199 TPO21 Lecture 4 Art History(Alice Neel) 201 TPO 22 202 Conversation 1 (Faculty Advisor) 202 TPO22 Lecture 1 (Anthropology) 203 TPO22 Lecture 2 (Astronomy) 204 TPO22 Conversation 2 (Professor) 206 TPO22 Lecture 3 (Zoology) 207 TPO22 Lecture 4 (Music History) 209 TPO 23 210 CONVERSATION 1 210 TPO23 Lecture l- Archaeology (Antikythera (Mechanism) 211 TPO23 Lecture2 - Environmental Science (Earth Budget) 212 TPO 23 Conversation 2 213 TPO23 Lecture3 Biology (Dolphins) 213 TPO23 Lecture4 Choreography (Screen Dance) 214 TPO 24 216 Conversation l Student & Clerk in the Bookstore 216 TPO 24 Lecture l-Biology (Crocodile Vocalization) 217 TPO 24 Lecture2-Art History (Modern Dance) 218 TPO 24 Conversation 2一Student & Geography Professor 218 TPO 24 Lecture3-Archaeology (Megafauna in North America) 219 TPO 24 Lecture4-Astronomy (Shield Volcanoes on Venus) 220 TPO 25 221 Conversation1 221 Lecture1-Conservation Biology [Assisted Migration) 223 Lecture2-Music History (Bla Bartk) 224 Conversation2 226 Lecture3-History (Egyptian Hieroglyphs) 228 Lecture4-Animal Behavior 229 TPO 26 231 Conversation1 232 Lecture1- Advertising(Green Marketing) 233 Lecture2-Biology(Carbon Cycling) 234 Conversation2 235 Lecture3-Astronomy (Comets) 236 Lecture4-Art Conservation (Archimedes Palimpsest) 238 TPO 27 239 Conversation1-In the Library 239 Lecture1-Marine Biology (Coral Reefs) 243 Lecture2-History of Musical Instruments (Violins) 245 Conversation2-Hydroponics (Chinampas) 248 Lecture3-Zoology (Sauropods) 250 Lecture4-Studio Art (Primary Colors) 252 TPO 28 253 Conversation1 253 Lecture1-Philosophy 255 Lecture2-Animal Behavior 257 Conversation2 259 Lecture3-Botany 261 Lecture4-Archaeology 263 TPO 29 264 Conversation1 264 Lecture1-Ecology(Pedodiversity) 267 Lecture2-Architecture(Reverberation) 269 Conversation2 271 Lecture3-Archaeology(Clovis Culture) 273 Lecture4-Structural Engineering(Carbon Nanotubes) 275 TPO 30 277 Conversation1 277 Lecture1 280 Lecture2-Paleontology 282 Conversation2 285 Lecture3-Astronomy 287 Lecture4-Music History 289 TPO 31 290 Conversation1 (Community Planning in the Colonies) 290 Lecture1-Music (Ancient Greek Music & Plato) 291 Lecture2-Geology (Movement of Tectonic Plates) 292 Conversation2 (Credits for Internship) 293 Lecture3-Marine Biology (Coral Reefs & CoT starfish) 295 Lecture4-Anthropology (the Botai People & Horses) 295 TPO 32 297 Conversation1 297 Lecture1-Archaeology (Bananas & African History) 298 Lecture2-Biology (Populations in an Ecosystem) 299 Conversation2 301 Lecture3-Earth Science (the Copper Basin) 302 Lecture4-Architectural History (Irwin & Hexagonal House) 303 TPO 33 304 Conversation1 304 Lecture1 – Archaeology (The Great Pyramid) 305 Lecture2 – Environmental Science (Water Management) 306 Conversation2 307 Lecture3 – Biology (Notothenioids) 308 Lecture4 – Art History (Renaissance Gardens) 309 纸质版TPO4 311 纸质版TPO4 conversation1 311 纸质版TPO4 lecture1（economics） 312 纸质版TPO4 lecture2 biology 314 纸质版TPO4 conversation 2 317 纸质版TPO4 Lecture 3 journalism 319 纸质版TPO4 Lecture4 （geology） 322 纸质版TPO5 325 纸质版TPO5 conversation 1 325 纸质版TPO5 Lecture1 world history 327 纸质版TPO5 Lecture2 World History 329 纸质版TPO5 conversation2 331 纸质版TPO5 Lecture3 astronomy 333 纸质版TPO5 Lecture 4 art history 336 TPO1 Conversation 1 Narrator Listen to part of a conversation between a student and a librarian. Student Hi, um…, I really hope you can help me. Librarian That’s why I’m here. What can I do for you? Student I’m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I’m… having a hard time finding articles. I don’t even know where to start looking. Librarian You said this is for your psychology course, right? So your focus is on … Student Dream Interpretation. Librarian Well, you have a focus, so that’s already a good start. Hmmm… well, there’re a few things… oh wait… have you checked to see if your professor put any material for you to look at on reserve? Student Aha, that’s one thing I did know to do. I just copied an article, but I still need three more on my topic from three different journals. Librarian Let’s get you going on looking for those then. We have printed versions of twenty or so psychology journals in the Reference Section. These are ones published within the last year. Now that I think about it… there’s a journal named Sleep and Dreams. Student Oh, yeah, the article I just copied is from that journal, so I’ve got to look in other sources. Librarian Ok, actually, most of our materials are available electronically now. You can access psychology databases or electronic journals and articles through the library’s computers, and if you want to search by title with the word ‘dream’ for example, just type it in and all the articles with ‘dream’ in the title will come up on the screen. Student Cool, that’s great! Too bad I cannot do this from home. Librarian But you can. All of the library’s databases and electronic sources can be accessed through any computer connected to the university network. Student Really?! I can’t believe I didn’t know that. It still sounds like it’s going to take a while though, you know, going through all of that information, all of those sources. Librarian Maybe, but you already narrowed your search down to articles on Dream Interpretation, so it shouldn’t be too bad. And you probably notice that there’s an abstract or summary at the top of the first page of the article you copied. When you go into the databases and electronic sources, you have the option to display the abstracts on the computer screen, skimming those to decide whether or not you want to read the whole article should cut down some time. Student Right, abstracts! They’ll definitely make the project more doable. I guess I should try out the electronic search while I’m still here then, you know, just in case. Librarian Sure, er… that computer’s free over there, and I’ll be here till five this afternoon. Student Thanks, I feel a lot better about this assignment now. TPO 1 Lecture 1 Contemporary art Listen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class. Professor Ok, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment. The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up? Student Well, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough. Professor Good. What else? What were the subjects? Student Well, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes. Professor Good. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foreground is blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. So that’s the impressionist side of her work. Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too. So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work? Student Um… real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too. Professor Good. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out. I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you don’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember. TPO 1 Lecture2 Geology Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class. Professor Ok, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques. I’m going to talk about a particular dating technique. Why? Good dating is key to good analysis. In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it is. It’s fundamental. Uh… Take the Grand Canyon for instance. Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States was formed. We knew that it was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. Before it solidified, it was just regular sand. Essentially it was part of a vast desert. And until just recently, most of us thought the sand had come from an ancient mountain range fairly close by that flattened out over time. That’s been the conventional wisdom among geologists for quite some time. But now we’ve learned something different, and quite surprising, using a technique called Uranium-Lead Dating. I should say that Uranium-Lead Dating has been around for quite a while. But there have been some recent refinements. I will get into this in a minute. Anyway, Uranium-Lead Dating has produced some surprises. Two geologists discovered that about half of the sand from the Grand Canyon was actually once part of the Appalachian Mountains. That’s really eye-opening news, since the Appalachian Mountain Range is, of course, thousands of kilometers to the east of the Grand Canyon. Sounds pretty unbelievable, right? Of course, the obvious question is how did that sand end up so far west? The theory is that huge rivers and wind carried the sand west where it mixed in with the sand that was already there. Well, this was a pretty revolutionary finding. Um… and it was basically because of Uranium-Lead Dating. Why? Well, as everyone in this class should know, we usually look at the grain type within sandstone, meaning the actual particles in the sandstone, to determine where it came from. You can do other things too, like look at the wind or water that brought the grains to their location and figure out which way it was flowing. But that’s only useful up to a point, and that’s not what these two geologists did. Uranium-Lead Dating allowed them to go about it in an entirely different way. What they did was: they looked at the grains of Zircon in the sandstone. Zircon is a material that contains radioactive Uranium, which makes it very useful for dating purposes. Zircon starts off as molten magma, the hot lava from volcanoes. This magma then crystallizes. And when Zircon crystallizes, the Uranium inside it begins to change into Lead. So if you measure the amount of Lead in the Zircon grain, you can figure out when the grain was formed. After that, you can determine the age of Zircon from different mountain ranges. Once you do that, you can compare the age of the Zircon in the sandstone in your sample to the age of the Zircon in the mountains. If the age of the Zircon matches the age of one of the mountain ranges, then it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range. Is everybody with me on that? Good. So, in this case, Uranium-Lead Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. So because of this, this new way of doing Uranium-Lead Dating, we’ve been able to determine that one of our major assumptions about the Grand Canyon was wrong. Like I said before, Uranium-Lead Dating has been with us for a while. But, um… until recently, in order to do it, you really had to study many individual grains. And it took a long time before you got results. It just wasn’t very efficient. And it wasn’t very accurate. But technical advances have cut down on the number of grains you have to study, so you get your results faster. So I’ll predict that Uranium-Lead Dating is going to become an increasingly popular dating method. There are a few pretty exciting possibilities for Uranium-Lead Dating. Here is one that comes to mind. You know the theory that earth’s continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively recently? Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we could prove that more conclusively. If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the early history of the planet’s geology. TPO 1 Conversation 2 Narrator

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