功能主义翻译方法PPT课件

ThefunctionalistApproachestoTranslation Itcameintobeingin1970sinGermanyOftenreferredtoasthe GermanSchool offunctionalisttranslationtheory 1 Distinguishedcontributors KatharinaReissHansJ VermeerChristianeNord KatharinaReiss 凯瑟林娜 赖斯 Reise In1971 PossibilitiesandLimitsofTranslationCriticism CategoriesandCriteriaforaFairEvaluations book Reisewasfirmlywithinequivalenceprinciple Yetsheisawarethattheredoexistsituations whereequivalenceisnotpossibleandinsomecases notevendesired andthereare certainexceptionsfromtheequivalencerequirement P78 amodeloftranslationcriticismbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweensourceandtargettexts HansJ Vermeer 汉斯 弗米尔 Vermeer 1978 FrameworkforaGeneralTranslationTheory apaper Reiss Vermeer 1984 GroundworkforaGeneralTheoryofTranslation abook givingupthesource textcenteredlinguistictranslationtheoryaltogetherdefiningtranslationasapurposefulhumanactivitythattakesplaceinagivensituationSkopostheoryasthelandmarkoffunctionaltranslation ChristianeNord 克里斯蒂安 诺德 Nord 1991 TextAnalysisinTranslation book Nord 1997 TranslationasPurposefulActivity book theloyaltyrule thesupplementtoVermeer sSkopostheory 2 HansJ VermeerandSkopostheory Skopos aGreekwordfor purpose Skopostheory thetheoryofpurposefulactionThreerulesP82 Threeprincipalrules theSkoposrulethecoherencerule intratextualcoherence theloyaltyrule intertextualcoherence IllustrationsP97 3 Nord FunctionalityPlusLoyalty ThebackgroundP104 P108Thespecificmeaningsofloyaltyp109 TheloyaltyrolebyNord thesupplementtoSkopostheoryrepairingthedisadvantagesandlimitationoftheskoposruleeliminatingthetranslationatrandomavoidingthetendencywhichregardstranslationjustastargettextwriting Mypersonalversionofthefunctionalapproachthusstandsontwopillars functionplusloyalty Itispreciselythecombinationofthetwoprinciplesthatmatters eventhoughtheremaybecaseswheretheyseemtocontradicteachother Functionreferstothefactorsthatmakeatargettextworkintheintendedwayinthetargetsituation Loyaltyreferstotheinter personalrelationshipbetweenthetranslator thesource textsender thetarget text addresseesandtheinitiator Loyaltylimitstherangeofjustifiabletarget textfunctionsforoneparticularsourcetextandraisestheneedforanegotiationofthetranslationassignmentbetweentranslatorsandtheirclients ChristianeNord 4 KeyconceptsofSkopostheory amajorshiftfrom linguisticequivalence to functionalappropriateness Fromitsstandpoint translationisconsiderednotasaprocessoftranscoding thepositionusuallyadoptedbyearliernon functionalistapproaches butasaformofhumanactionwhichhasitsownpurposebasicallydecidedonbythetranslator Theskoposofatranslationisthegoalorpurpose definedbythecommissionandifnecessaryadjustedbythetranslator Commissionisdefinedas theinstruction givenbyoneselforbysomeoneelse tocarryoutagivenaction whichcouldbetranslation 5 functionalapproachesvs non functionalapproaches 5 1Translator NON FUNCTIONALISTFaithfultotheauthorShouldbeinvisible FUNCTIONALISTLoyaltohisclientMustbevisible visibility ofthetranslator Infunctionalismthetranslatorinevitablyhastobevisible sincefunctionalapproachesdonotestablishrulesbutsupportdecision makingstrategiesandthetranslatorhastomakecriticaldecisionsastohowdefinethetranslationskoposandwhichstrategiescanbestmeetthetargetrecipient srequirements Thetranslatorshouldbevisible makinghis herdecisionstransparenttohis herclientandacceptingtheresponsibilityofhis herchoices Avisibletranslatorhastoaccepttheconsequencesofhis hertranslationaldecisions Theroleofatranslator Translatorsarelanguageprofessionals Theyareappliedlinguists competentwriters diplomats andeducatedamateurs Likelinguists translatorshavetobecapableofdiscerningsubtletiesandnuancesintheirlanguages researchingterminologyandcolloquialisms andhandlingnewdevelopmentsintheirlanguages Likewriters translatorshavetobeaccustomedtoworkinglonghoursaloneonasubjectwhichinterestsfewpeopleandwithalanguagethatfewpeoplearoundthemknow Likediplomats translatorshavetobesensitivetotheculturalandsocialdifferenceswhichexistintheirlanguagesandbecapableofaddressingtheseissueswhentranslating Likeeducatedamateurs translatorshavetoknowthebasicsandsomeofthedetailsaboutthesubjectstheydealwith 5 2Translationprocesses NON FUNCTIONALISTSourcetextoriented FUNCTIONALISTTargettextoriented 5 3Aimoftranslation NON FUNCTIONALISTLinguisticequivalence FUNCTIONALISTCommunicativeacceptability functionalappropriateness 5 4theoreticalbackgrounds NON FUNCTIONALISTContrastivelinguisticslexicalsemantics applyingrules FUNCTIONALISTPsycho sociolinguistics textlinguistics supportingdecisions 6 YanFu stranslationtheoryandpracticerevisited 信 达 雅Faithfulness expressiveness elegance 6 1 AboutYanfuandhiscontributiontotranslation YanFu 1854 1921 wasagreatthinker educator translatorandtranslationtheoristinmodernChina YanFu stranslationwasepoch makingintheChinesetranslationhistory ApioneerinsystematicallyintroducingtheWesternsocialscienceintoChinaOneofthefirstbilingualtranslators helpingendtheChinesecollaborationtraditionandinitiatingtheindividualtranslationhistoryattheturnofthe19thand20thcenturies TranslatingdirectlyfromEnglish incontrasttomostofhiscolleagueswhotranslatedtheWesternworksviatheJapaneselanguageThetranslationcriteria 信 达 雅 6 2Onhisfaithfulnessandelegance FaithfulnessasthefundamentalrequirementoftranslationParadoxically hewasoftencriticizedforfailingtoliveuptothisstandardhimselfElegancebeinganotherimportantcriterion inadditiontobeingfaithful Hepurposelyadopted 汉以前字法句法 whichistobetterreceivedbytheintendedreaders theShidafu士大夫 Thefirstpersonnarratorischangedtothethirdperson whoknowseverything EleganceisthetranslationstrategytocapturetheattentionoftheShidafu 雅 乃是严复的招来术 by王佐良 他认识到这些书对于那些仍在中古的梦想里酣睡的人是多么难以下咽的苦药 因此他在上面涂了糖衣 这糖衣就是士大夫们所心折的汉以前的古雅文体 于是 就在那群封建士大夫摇头晃脑欣赏那充满古典美的雅文的同时 他们也咽下了西学的 苦药 西方近代社会哲学思想 6 3YanFu sSkoposIdeas TranslationasapurposefulactivityThepurposeofhistranslationistoins