Transitional-Words-and-Phrases---英语作文常用替换词汇-.doc

Transitional Words and Phrases in English Writing Transitional Words and PhrasesUsing transitional words and phrases helps papers read more smoothly. They provide logical organization and understandability and improve the connections and transitions between thoughtsA coherent paper allows the reader to flow from the first supporting point to the last. Transitions indicate relations, whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper. This list illustrates relationships between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can connect them.Listing5first, second, third； firstly, secondly, thirdlyfirst, furthermore, finallyfirst and most importantto begin with, next, then, finallythe formerthe latter the first step, the second step, the next stepin the first place, in the second place, finallylast but not leastfor one thing,for another thing;(首先其次)Paralleling并列orthat is,thats to saynot onlybut（alsoand in other words bothandas well asneithernoreitherorAddition:also, too, again, besides, similarly, then, coupled with外加, furthermore, further, what is more, moreover, in addition, likewise同样地, as well as,Consequence:Accordingly因此, Hence因此,subsequently, consequently, therefore, thus, thereupon于是/因此, wherefore因此/为什么, as a result, for this reason, for this purpose, otherwise, so then那么/所以, Generalizing:generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually, as a rule通常, as usual, for the most part在极大程度上Exemplifying:chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such asIllustration:for example, for instance, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this caseEmphasismost important of all, most importantly, above all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly, singularly, obviously, certainly, undoubtedly, surely, very likely, indeed, in factException:aside from, barring不包括/除非, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than除了, outside of, save除了 Restatement:in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently, put it another waySimilarity:by the same token出于同样的原因, identically, likewise, the sameas, be similar to；similarly,bothand；resemble；havein common；in the same way；equally important, comparatively, correspondingly相对地, coupled with加上/外加, moreover, together with, There are similarities betweenandContrast and Comparison:still, likewise, yet, nevertheless然而,but, however, Whereas/While；contrast with/differ from；conversely, instead, on the contrary, in contrast, rather, Unlike；be different from； Contrary to；As opposed to；Although； morethan；lessthan；not soas； on one hand, on the other hand；Sequence:at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, simultaneously, in the meantime, meanwhile, while,the next step, next, then, soon, earlier, afterward, in time, in turn, later on,for now目前/暂时, for the time being暂时, later, with this in mind, in conclusion,Summarizing:in brief, briefly, finally, after all, all in all, all things considered, by and large总的来说, in any case无论如何, in any event, in conclusion, to conclude, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance总而言之, to sum up, to summarize,Diversion:by the way, incidentallyDirection:here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distanceTimenow in the past untilsoon recently after a whilelater nowadays not long afterthen while in the mean timebefore since meanwhileSpace Orderunder the table in the distanceon the hilltop across the riverin front of the room next to the doorin the back of the room on the front wallon the tenth floor along the streetnearby far awayinside the house outside the schoolbehind the cupboard by the windowround the corner on the opposite side of the streetat the foot of the mountainat the bottom of the seaCause and Effectsince sothatbecause thusbecause of this/that hencebecause of the fact that thereforeas a result accordinglyas a result of otherwisebe due to be responsible forconsequently causebe a consequence of lead toas a consequence of contribute tobe the reason forresult infollow from bring aboutresult from give rise toBe careful in choosing appropriate transitional words and phrases因果关系1). The late 20th century witnessed the prosperity in science and technology; therefore it gives rise to the wide application of computers.therefore as a result consequently这组词的用法是介于两个句子之间,且后面加逗号。2). The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology thus giving rise to the wide application of computers.Thus 用于句中,后加V-ing格式。3). The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology hence the wide proliferation of computers.Hence 用于句中,后加n.格式。以上三句话的意思是相同的,可是应用了差异的连词出来的句子的效果完全不一样。比较关系1). From 1950 onwards industrial use grew steadily to just over 1000 cube kms while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 cube kms.2). By contrast those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on.可见while表示从句和主句的比较,而by contrast是两个句子间的比较。再看下面这句话：3). Instead they reflect the public population of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate.利用instead来表示“然而”这样一种比较关系,突出了连词利用的多样性和地道性。让步和转折关系1). In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages the proportion of older people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries.2). However sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes or the level of responsibility he or she holds.表达让步关系的时候,用的连词都是in spite of, in spite of表示尽管,后面直接跟的是名词或者代词。转折连词however的用法很简朴,但利用却很频繁。How to improve sentence coherence by adding transitional words.Example: Overall, Management Systems International has logged increased sales in every sector, leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits. Another important thing to note is that the corporation had expanded its international influence.Revision: Overall, Management Systems International has logged increased sales in every sector, leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits.These impressive profits are largely due to the corporations expanded international influence.Example: Fearing for the loss of Danish lands, Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War. But then something else significant happened. The Swedish intervention began. Revision: Fearing for the loss of more Danish lands, Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War. Shortly after Danish forces withdrew, the Swedish intervention began.Example: Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel, The Joy Luck Club, skyrocketed up the bestseller list. There are other things to note about Tan as well. Amy Tan also participates in the satirical garage band the Rock Bottom Remainders with Stephen King and Dave Barry. Revision: Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel, The Joy Luck Club, skyrocketed up the bestseller list. Though her fiction is well known, her work with the satirical garage band the Rock Bottom Remainders receives far less publicity.Exercise Directions：There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there is a transitional word or phrase missing. You should choose the appropriate word or phrase of each blank from the given words or phrases below. Be sure to use each of the given words or phrases, some of which may appear twice. Similarly, therefore, but, however, first of all, and, even, finally, for example, secondly, on the other hand, furthermore, third, when, nevertheless, as a result of, orSince we Americans are a blend of people from many countries, we have a very short history which can properly be called “American”. _, it is hard to find characteristics which apply to all Americans. We combine many extremes from many different cultures. _, we can make some generalizations. Our main characteristics include individuality, a combination of idealism and practicality, materialism, _a lack of parental influence, all of which permeate our lives. _, we Americans value individuality. Our country was founded by strong individuals, and we do not like to be forced into conformity. Therefore, we insist on having a great deal of freedom. Interestingly enough, _, most Americans use this freedom to behave very much like most other Americans, and we are suspicious of those who do not conform. Hippies are individualists, _, but most Americans do not like them. By the same token, we consider ourselves very faithful to the laws of our country, _there are few among us who would break one if it was felt that no harm would be done by doing sosuch as by exceeding the speed limit or failing to report informally received cash income on tax forms. _, we Americans are both practical and idealistic. We place great value on doing things for ourselves, for this is what our pioneer forefathers were forced to do. Many foreign visitors are surprised to find that many couples of comfortable means do their own yard work, their own housework, their own repairs. _,we are very idealistic：We think we have the best political, social, and economic system yet devised, and we _expect everything to go smoothly. _our idealism, we are easily disillusioned. This is why so many marriages end in divorceyoung couples expectations from marriage are unrealistically high. _, it helps explain the dissatisfactions and protests of many young people, and _older people, who enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world. A _characteristics of us Americans is that money is more important than prestige to us. People work extremely hard, so many, unfortunately, either have little leisure time, or do not know how to enjoy it. Why do we work