八年级上学期的英语语法总结(精).doc

八年级上学期的英语语法总结(全部!一、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:many, many a(n, a good / great many, a (great / large number of, scores of, dozens of等。例如:Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。I have been there dozens of times.我已去过那儿很多次了。Therere a number of students reading English in the classroom.教室里有许多学生在读英语。Many a student has(=many students havevisited the Great Wall.(谓语动词用单数很多学生都游览过长城。In winter, a good many animals sleep under the snow.冬天很多动物在雪下冬眠。注意: many所修饰的复数名词前若有限定词,many 后面要接of, 表示中的很多。例如:A great many(of the graduates have found jobs.毕业生中很多人已经找到了工作。二、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of等。例如:Is there much water in the bucket?桶里有很多水吗?He always has a great amount of work to do.他总是有很多工作要做。三、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有:a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单复数而定,a great / large quantity of (其后谓语用单数,quantities of (其后谓语用复数。例如:There is still lots of snow in the garden.花园里还有许多雪。There is plenty of rain here.这儿的雨水很多。A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.大厅里放了很多鲜花。There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.橱柜里有许多食物。在所有这些表示很多的词语中many, much 是最常用的词,它们既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于疑问句和否定句。例如:Are there many people in the street?街上有很多人吗?There isnt much time left.剩下的时间不多了。其它的词语都用于肯定句,日常会话中常用lots of, a lot of 或plenty of; 正式文体中常用a great many, a (large number of, a great deal of, scores of 或dozens of 等。但若肯定句中有too, so, as, very或how 等词修饰时,则必须使用many, much。例如:The number of the people who lost their homes reached as many as 250,000.无家可归的人数多达250,000人。There is too much work to do.要做的工作太多了。或者是这样的,你自己看下,哪Unit 1 How often do you exercise?Grammar: 特殊疑问句:wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。特殊疑问句的构成及用法:结构:特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句,即:特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语(+其他疑问代词:1 Who:谁。做主语,用来指人Who is the boy under the tree?2Whom 谁,做宾语,用来指人Whom are you writing to?3 Whose 谁的,用来指所属关系,如果做定语,一般后接名词Whose pen is this?4 Which 哪个,哪些,用来指对人或物在一定范围之内进行选择Which grils wil l in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lilys?5What什么,通常指物,也可指人,一般用在没有指出范围的情况下What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?疑问副词:When:何时,询问时间When will she come back?Where何地,询问地点,Where do you come from?Why为什么,询问原因,Why are you late for school?How 如何,询问手段、方式、工具以及程度等How do you usually go to school?How old多大,询问年龄,How old is Jims little brother?How many/much多少,询问数量How many birds are there in the tree?How far多远,询问距离,How far is it form your home to school?How long多长,多久,询问时间的长度或距离How long will you stay in Beijing?How often多长时间按一次,询问频率How often do you go to see your grandparents?How soon多久,询问时间How soon will you come back?频率副词:表示动作发生的频率,never, sometimes, often, usually, always.Unit 2 Whats the matter with you?Grammar:1. 用have 来描述身体不适have/have got a +疾病名字;得了病2.情态动词should,情态动词should,can, may, must没有人称和时态的变化,后接动词原形Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?Grammar:现在进行时表将来一般将来时表示将要做某事或计划打算做某事要用到句型be+doing其中be是助动词,它有人称和单复数的变化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是现在进行时的形式,但用于表示将来。用进行时表将来,常用于表示即将来临的未来预定要做的事情,一般指个人计划要做的事。用于此情况的动词一般是表示位置转移的动词,如,go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。一.肯定句中,结构为be+doing.I am going shopping this afternoon.二.否定句是在be之后加not. Im not going to shopping this afternoon.三.一般疑问句是将be置于句首Are you going shopping this afternoon?Yes, I am/ we are. No, Im not./ We arent.四.特殊疑问句疑问词+一般疑问句语序。What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping? Who are you going there with? Where is she going?Unit 4 How do you get to school?Grammar: How引导的特殊疑问句:是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等词开头的疑问句。How does he get to shool?- He takes the train to get to shool.How long does it take to walk? -It takes about 35 minutes to walk.How far is it from your home to school? Its four miles f rom my home to school.How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks. How much is this coat? This coat is 200 yuan.特殊疑问句的简略结构:how about?+ 名词或动词-ing形式,用于提出建议、请求或征求意见、询问消息等。如:How about playing tennis?Unit 5 Can you come to my party?Grammar:情态动词can及邀请句式及其问答情态动词can的用法:Can 是最长用的情态动词,其后跟动词原形,can的否定形式为cannot,cant.can表能力,意思是:能,会I can paly basketball,but I cant swim.can表示能力时可和be able to 互换,be able to有更多的时态,常被用来表示can所不能表示的将来或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months. 表示可能性,意思是:可以,可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.表示允许,意思是可以能够You can have the book when I have finished it.表示惊讶、不相信等(用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中。意思是会、可能。This cant be true. Can it be true?如何发出、接受和谢绝别人的邀请表达邀请的常用句型:Can you come to?Could you come to?Would you like to come to?Do you want to come to?接受邀请的常用句型:Sure. Certainly. OK. Id love to.谢绝邀请的常用句型:Im sorry, I cant. I have toIm afraid I cant. I have toI dont think I can. I have toUnit 6 Im more outgoing than my sister.Grammar:形容词的比较级规则变化、不规则变化(课本P93than 是比较级中最常见的标志词,意思是比。用于引出比较的对象。1.He draws better than me.2.Youre older than I am. You are older than me.形容词比较级前,有时可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等词来修饰。Much 和far表示得多,much better好得多,a little, a bit表示稍微,一些,一点。a little shorter, 稍微矮点;even表示甚至,更加,还要even bigger还要大些, three times表示三倍,如three times bigger than 比大三倍Very绝不可以用来修饰比较级,very,so,too, quite 修饰原级Unit 7 How do you make banana milk shake?Grammar: 可数名词与不可数名词一.可数名词英语中的物质名词大体上可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词指物体的数量可数。其单数形式可在名词前加a或an,表示一个,如a pear. 其负数形式要在词尾加-s,或-es(特殊情况除外,如two bananas, three tomatoes. Many many applesa few students few bags二.不可数名词1.不可数名词指物体的数量不可数。不可数名词没有单复数之分,也不能在词前直接加冠词a 或an.表示不可数名词的数量时可在不可数名词前加相应的由量词构成的短语。如a bag of2.常见的量词短语有:a piece of a cup of a teaspoon of a bottle of3.不可数名词还可以用下面的词表示数量:much much rain a little little4.既可以修饰不可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的词有:Lots of= a lot of许多,大量some一些(用于肯定句any一些(用于否定句和一般疑问句Unit 8 How was your school trip?Grammar:一般过去时:指在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去意义的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, lastyear(week,month,two years ago, in2006等。有时也可用when,after,before, as soon as引导的时间状语从句。该时态在句中的体现是谓语动词用过去式。谓语be动词was/were 否定:wasnt /werentBe动词句型一般疑问句:was/were +主语特殊疑问句:疑问词+was/were+主语陈述句:主语+was/were+(肯定句 否定句:主语+wasnt/werent+行为动词句型(当句中的动词为行为动词时,要借助动词did构成一般疑问句和否定句肯定式:主语+动词过去式否定式:主语+didnt+动词原形一般疑问句:Did +主语+动词原形特殊疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形Unit 9 When was he born?Grammar: 一般过去时的特殊疑问句一般过去时的特殊疑问句的变法同一般现在时一样,不同之处在于须将be动词或助动词改为过去时态,即特殊疑问词+were或was(第三人称单数+主语+(表语+其他成分或特殊疑问词+助动词did+主语+实义动词+其他成分。以when引导的特殊疑问句,对某人的出生年月进行提问,句型是:When was/wereborn? was/were born in +时间When was David beckham born? 大卫.贝克汉姆是什么时候出 生的？He was born in 1975. 二以 how long 引导的特殊疑问句，对表示某一短时间的状语 进行提问。句型是： How long did + 主语+动词？ How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months. 三When did he start hiccupping? 他什么时候开始打嗝？ When +did+主语+动词？ Unit 10 Im going to be a basketball player. Grammar:一般将来时 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态， 也表示将来经常 或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 1. be going to + 动词原形 Sunday? 2. will/shall + 3.be +v.ing 动词原形 I will go to my hometown next week. What are you going to do next The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow. 4. be +动词不定式 You are to be back by 10 oclock. 5. be + about + 动词不定式 The meeting is about to begin. Unit 11 Could you please clean your room? Grammar:情态动词 11 情态动词，表示说话者对某一动作的看法和态度，包括可能、怀 疑、 允许、 愿望、 必要、 猜测等。 Can(能、 会,may( 可以,must( 必 须、一定等。 情态动词的特点：(1情态动词有一定词义，但不能单独作谓语， 必须和另一个动词原形一起构成谓语，且没有人称和数的变化。 1. I can speak English. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now. (2变否定句时，直接在情态动词后面加 not,无需加助动词。He cant play the guitar well. He cant answer the question. You mustnt be late. (3含有情态动词的句子变一般疑问句时，须将情态动词提前。 Can you help me? Must I go there at once? (4can 可表示能力、允许、可能性、怀疑猜测，意为“能，会