环境工程专业英语PPT课件

环境工程专业英语ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering HanXiaogangCollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityTelQQ 103475685 2 EnglishProverb Imperfectionisbeauty madness 疯狂 isgenius 天才 天赋 andit sbettertobeabsolutelyridiculous 荒唐的 thanabsolutelyboring 不完美也是一种美丽 疯狂也是一种天赋 不靠谱总好过超无聊 3 ReviewoftheLastLesson 4 Appreciationofmovies The11thHour Chinesename 中文名称 第十一个小时 Director Castleberry LeonardoDiCaprio Informationaboutthemove 相关信息 莱昂纳多 迪卡普里奥 本片是以一种访谈的形式 向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题 访谈对象包括前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫 著名科学家史蒂芬 霍金 前中情局局长詹姆斯 伍尔西 超过50位的顶尖科学家 思想家和领导者 5 Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering 6 1 BackgroundtoEnvironmentScience Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Scienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce Science SocialScience NatureScience Thesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies tribes 群落 部落 communities 社区 races 种族 andnations Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology chemistry geology physics andenvironmentalscience 7 2 Whatisthebookabout Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Theobjective Descriptionofenvironmental Theobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinary 跨学科 各学科 studyofenvironmentalproblems theircauses whytheyareofconcern andhowwecancontrolthem Theprimarycoverage Informationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances 困扰 Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem 8 Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Theprimarycoverage Currentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater airandpollutionproblems Considerablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnature Manyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsociety slackofwilltodoso orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso 9 3 SomeDefinitions Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Environmental Environmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat 栖息地 whichsurroundsus thatwhichwecansee hear touch smell andtaste Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing 健康 幸福 thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial economic andculturalaspects Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole as asolarsystem irrigationsystem watersupplysystem theworldoruniverse System 10 3 SomeDefinitions Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Engineering Engineeringisaprofession 职业 专业 thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties 特性 ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures machines products systems andprocesses Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical chemical orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair water orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth survival oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms Pollution 11 Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Environmentalengineeringismanifest 显示 表明 bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation 卫生系统或设备 notably 尤其 intheprovisionofsafe palatable 可口的 andample 足够 publicwatersupply theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes theadequatedrainageofurbanandrural 田园 乡村 areasforpropersanitation andthecontrolofwater soil andatmosphericpollution andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions Environmentalengineering Furthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth 12 3 Interactionofsystems Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Manyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater air orlandsystems justifying 证明 为 作出解释 thebreakdown 分解 intothesecategories Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension 理解 ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem Moreover itissensiblebecause formanagerandadministrativereasons suchsubfields 子域 asairpollution watersupply wastewaterdisposal andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies 13 3 Interactionofsystems Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Unfortunately manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined 局限于 toanair water orlandsystem butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom 根源 theemission 排放 ofsulfurdioxide 二氧化硫 andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks 烟囱 ofgeneratingstations 发电厂 smelters 熔炉 andautomobileexhausts 汽车尾气 Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents 气流 overwideregions Rainfall washesthemout creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife 水生生物 forests andagriculturalcrops 14 4 EnvironmentalProblems Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Manymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology Withtheseimprovements however havecomedisturbingsideeffects suchaslostarableland 耕地 disappearingforests environmentalpollution andneworganismsresistanttocontrols 微生物滋长 Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem 15 4 EnvironmentalProblems Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Forexample whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality 婴儿死亡率 isreduced apopulationexplosionmayresult Tofeedthisgrowingpollution naturalhabitats 自然栖息地 areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed thewildplants predatoryanimals 食肉动物 andparasites 寄生生物 thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell 16 4 EnvironmentalProblems Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Becauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites outbreaksofinsectpests 害虫 becomemorecommon Farmersusepesticides 农药 tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted Thedevelopmentofthisentire 整个的 cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel 化石燃料 suppliesthatarebecomingscarce Inaddition whenfuelsareburned airpollutantsaregenerated 17 4 EnvironmentalProblems Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Howdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking 相关联的 problems Tomakethetask 工作 任务 abitmoremanageable weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst Whatenvironmentalproblemsarepeopleupagainst Overpopulation Pollution DepletionofResources ChangesintheGlobalCondition TheWar 18 Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Overpopulation Overpopulationmaybedefinedasthepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatarea Manypeoplearguethatthepopulationexplosionthathastakenplaceinthetwentiethcenturyisnowthemostimportantproblemweface Itisimportantfirstbecauseoverpopulationisamajorcauseofallenvironmentalproblems Fewerpeoplewoulduselessoil chopdownfewertrees andpourlesssewageintorivers 19 Part IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering Overpopulation Second overpopulationandthestarvation 饥饿 thataccompaniesitaregenerallyhigheronourlistofprioritiesthanotherenvironmentalconcerns Itishardtoarguethatanareashouldbesetasideasparklandtopreserve 保护 avanishing 消失 forestorsavanna 平原 热带大草原 whenthatmightbeusedtoraisecropsthatwouldpreventfellowhumanbeingsfromstarvingtodeath 20 专业英语翻译理论 专业英语翻译理论 21 专业英语翻译理论 范文 AerobicTreatmentAerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste Aerobicbacteriaarelikehumansinthattheyrequireoxygentosurviveandthrive Thisistheprimarydifferencebetweenaerobicsystemsandsepticsystems yousee Septicsystemsdependonmuchlessefficientanaerobicbacteria 22 专业英语翻译理论 Duringthisoxidationprocess pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide CO2 water H2O nitrates sulphatesandbiomass micro organisms Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso calledaerators theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated Ofallbiologicalwastetreatmentmethod aerobicdigestionisthemostwidespeadprocessusedthroughouttheworld morethan95 Aerobicbacteriademandoxygentodecomposedissolvedpollutants Largeamountsofpollutantsrequirelargequantitiesofbacteria hencethedemandforoxygenwillbehigh TheBiologicalOxygenDemand BOD isameasureofthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinbiologicaloxidationbythebacteria Itisexpressedinmg L 23 专业英语翻译理论 TheChemicalOxygenDemand COD measuresthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinchemicaloxidation byaddingstrongacids Itisexpressedinmg L TheratioBOD CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts Asaresult aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses 24 专业英语翻译理论 1 专业英语翻译概论1 1专业英语的特点1 1 1专业英语的词汇特点 专业词汇出现的频率低 词义专一 广泛是使用缩写词 如 CODchemicaloxygendemand化学需氧量BODbiochemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量TOCtotalorganiccarbon总有机碳DOdissolvedoxygen溶解氧 25 专业英语翻译理论 POPspersistentorganicpollutants持久性有机污染物TSPtotalsuspendedparticle总悬浮颗粒TKNtotalKjeldahlnitrogen总凯氏氮UASBupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket上流式厌氧污泥床MBRmembranebioreactor膜生物反应器SBRsequencingbatchreactor间歇式活性污泥法1 1 2专业英语的句法特点 广泛使用陈述句 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste 26 专业英语翻译理论 广泛使用被动语态 Duringthisoxidationprocess pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide CO2 water H2O nitrates sulphatesandbiomass micro organisms Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso calledaerators theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated 被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛 主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象 更能使其位置鲜明 突出 27 专业英语翻译理论 简略表达多 TheratioBOD CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable 长句使用多 Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste 主句带若干从句 从句带短语 短语带从句 相互依附 相互制约 28 专业英语翻译理论 Floatingontheoceansare7 659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10 000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica 句子倒置 Floatingontheoceansare7 659trillionmetrictonsofice 多重修饰 iceencasedin10 000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica 29 专业英语翻译理论 Floatingontheoceansare7 659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10 000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica 庖丁解牛 iceencasedin10 000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica 就近修饰原则 Layer1 Iceencasedin10 000icebergsLayer2 icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps icebergsmorethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica 粗译 世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰 这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里 这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生 多于90 的这些冰山来源于南极 30 专业英语翻译理论 1 1 3专业英语的修辞特点 时态运用有限 过去研究 过去时 与现在不发生联系 讨论理论用现在时 Biofiltrationtechniquefordisposingammonium contaminatedgasstreamswasinvestigated 修辞手法较为单调 31 专业英语翻译理论 逻辑性语法词使用普遍 如 表示原因的词 because becauseof dueto owingto as asaresult causedby for表示语气转折的词 but however nevertheless yet otherwise表示逻辑 顺利连接的词 so thus therefore furthermore moreover inadditionto表示限制的词 only ifonly except besides unless表示假设的词 suppose supposing assuming provided providingAerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts Asaresult aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses 32 专业英语翻译理论 1 2翻译的基本知识1 2 1翻译标准严复 天演论 信 达 雅 忠实 译文必须忠实 正确地传达原文的内容 通顺 译文的语言必须规范 流畅 通俗易懂 33 专业英语翻译理论 1 2 2翻译的过程理解 表达 翻译的理解过程通读全文 领会大意 明辨语法 弄清关系 结合上下文 推敲词义 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste 34 专业英语翻译理论 翻译的表达过程a 一稿初译 忠实为主 b 二稿核对 注意逻辑 c 三稿定局 润色词句 翻译的方法直译意译 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste 35 专业英语翻译理论 2 词义的选择和引申2 1词义的选择2 1 1根据词类选择词义E g like 像 同样的 喜欢 希望 如同 Hewouldliketojoinourdiscussion Thingslikeair waterormetalarematter Likechargesrepel unlikechargesattract IhopethatIcandrivethetractorlikeyoudo 36 专业英语翻译理论 2 1 2根据词的搭配关系选择词义E g operate 操作 运转 完成 实施Thermalconvectionwillnotoperatedinzerogravity Rocketsoperateinthevacuumofouterspaceaswellasintheearthatmosphere Transistors 晶体管 operateascontroldevicesandamplifier Theelectriccomputerscanoperateonlyaccordingtoinstructions whichmustbepreparedbymaninadvance 37 专业英语翻译理论 represent 代表 表示 相当于 是 提供 阐述Inorganicflocculantsrepresentnearly20 ofthetotalflocculants Thematerialreferredtoas acidrain representstheraindropsdissolvedCO2whichhaveapHof5 6 38 专业英语翻译理论 2 1 3根据单 复数及习惯表达选择词义E g Theabilitytodoworkiscalledenergy 功 Thisironandsteelworkswassetuplastyear 工厂 Thetimeforthewatersupplyiscutbyhalf AisthreetimesaslargeasB 2 1 4语言习惯的转换E g Magnetismisusedtomeasurethecoldesttemperature 很低的 Light coloredthingsreflectmorelightthandark coloredthings 深 浅 39 专业英语翻译理论 2 2词义的引申2 2 1单词的引申E g Todayisthelinkbetweenyesterdayandtomorrow 桥梁 Thiskindofwoodworkseasily 加工 Withinthesebroadcategories processdifferaccordingtothetypeofthedrier 干燥机 Thethickerthewirethemorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent 容易 40 专业英语翻译理论 2 2 2词组的引申E g Alloysbelongtoahalf wayhousebetweenmixtureandcompounds 中间结构 Atpresentcoalisthemostcommonfoodofasteamplant 能源 Highconcentrationsofcriticalelements suchaslead arsenic mercury mayaffectthehumanhealth 微量 41 专业英语翻译理论 3 词类转换3 1非动词译成动词E g Thecontrolunitofacomputercausesthemachinetooperateaccordingtoman swish 计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作 42 专业英语翻译理论 3 1 1名词转译为动词1 单独的名词用作动词 1 动名词 动词派生的名词 具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词E g Intheabsenceoffriction vehiclescouldnotevenstart Controlofdissolvedoxygen solidsretentiontimeandhydrolyticretentiontimeisnecessaryforefficienttreatmentofwastewater c Themainobjectofsedimentationistheseparationofclearwaterfrommixture 43 专业英语翻译理论 2 一些加er或or的名词 有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业 而具有较强的动作意义 这种词汉译时可译为动词 E g Talkingwithhisson theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungman spastwrongdoings ProfessorWangwastheinstructorofourexperiment 2 适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词 E g Abodyisnegativelychargedwhenithaselectronsinexcessofitsnormalnumber 44 专业英语翻译理论 3 1 2 形容词译为动词1 英语中表示感觉 知觉 信念的词 如familiar confident sensibleof等在句中作表语时 译成动词 E g Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible Theyarequitecontentwiththedataobtainedfromtheexperiment Wearenotsureabouttheeffectofthisparameteronthequalityoftheeffluent 45 专业英语翻译理论 2 有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时 译成动词 E g Thefinalproductmoistureisdependentonfeedsizeandresidencetimeattemperature Forlargersizefeed driedproductmoisturelevelsarehigher 46 专业英语翻译理论 3 起形容词作用的现在分词 过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词 译为动词 E g Thedesigncalculationwillserveasani