GRE阅读笔记NO6-1

NO6-1 byzhtwd A mysterious phenomenon is the ability of SEover-water migrants to travel on course. Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of time without any sensory cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearly con- SEtribute to their “compass sense.” For example, 促进they can use the position of the Sun or stars, along with the time of day, to find north. But 转折compass sense alone cannot explain how birds navigate the ocean: after a flock traveling east is blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly course to compensate. Per-haps, some scientists thought, migrants deter- SEmine their geographic position on Earth by ce-lestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of SEthe animals a fantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magnetic sense, which might allow migrants to determine their geographic location by detecting variations in the strength of the Earths magnetic field.文章结构类型：解释针对问题性文章。文章首句提出一个有待阐述的现象，然后提出了一种“罗盘效应”的解释，然后否定了此解释，又提出了“天体导航”的解释，然后又否定了这种解释，最后作者提出了“磁场感应”的解释，认为它有可能成为有效的解释。准TS：（无TS）But this would demand of the animals a fantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magnetic sense.单词：阅读专用词汇：fantastic，phenomenon积累专业词汇：biological clock, celestial navigation, magnetic在水面上空迁移的动物能够沿着正确方向飞行，这实乃一种神秘莫测的现象。鸟类、蜜蜂、以及其它动物种类可以追踪时辰，而不必依赖于来自外界的任何感觉醒示物，这样的“生物钟”（biological clock）显然促进了其“方位感”（compass sense）。例如，它们可利用太阳或星辰的位置，连同白昼的时辰，来寻找到北方这一方位。但是，方位感本身不足以解释鸟类是如何在海洋上空导航的：当一群东飞的候鸟被暴风雨吹向偏南方之后，这群鸟会采取适度的东北方向以补偿误差。某些科学家认为，或许，迁移动物是通过天体导航（celestial navigation）来确定其在地球上的地理位置，几乎如同人类航海家利用星辰和行星那样；但这将要求动物具有一种难于令人置信的地图感（mapsense）。科研人员现在获悉，某些动物种类具备一种磁感（magnetic sense），这可能允许动物通过测定地球磁场强度变化而确立其地理位置。17. The main idea of the passage is that （主旨题） (A) migration over land requires a simpler explanation than migration over water does (细节，无端比较) (B) the means by which animals migrate over water are complex and only partly understood（综合TS、SE可知） (C) the ability of migrant animals to keep track of time is related to their magnetic sense（“compass sense.”定位L26，Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of time without any sensory cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearly con- tribute to their “compass sense.”） (D) knowledge of geographic location is essential to migrants with little or no compass sense（无中生有） (E) explanations of how animals migrate tend to replace, rather than build on, one another（不是取代，第一个解释没有被取代，无中生有）答案：(B)18. It can be inferred from the passage that if the flock of birds described in lines 8-12 were navigating by compass sense alone, they would, after the storm, fly （给定行数题）(A) east（如果依靠compass sense，after the storm还是向东飞行, 因为罗盘效应只能判断方向）(B) north (C) northwest(D) south(E) southeast (误选此项)答案：(A)19.In maintaining that migrating animals would need “a fantastic map sense” (line 17) to determine their geographic position by celestial navigation, the author intends to express（态度题） (A) admiration for the ability of the migrants （态度错误） (B) skepticism about celestial navigation as an explanation （负态度） (C) certainly that the phenomenon of migration will remain mysterious （态度错误） (D) interest in a new method of accounting for over-water migration （态度错误） (E) surprise that animals apparently navigate in much the same way that human beings do（态度错误）答案：(B)20. Of the following descriptions of migrating animals, which most strongly suggests that the animals are depending on magnetic cues to orient themselves? （逻辑题） (A) Pigeons can properly readjust their course even when flying long distances through exceedingly dense fogs.（对magnetic cues起支持作用） (B) Bison are able to reach their destination by passing through a landscape that has been partially altered by a recent fire. （有不能排除的其他影响因素）(C) Elephants are able to find grounds that some members of the herd have never seen before.（与题目无关） (D) Swallows are able to return to a given spot at the same time every year. （有不能排除的其他影响因素） (E) Monarch butterflies coming from different parts of North America are able to arrive at the same location each winter. （有不能排除的其他影响因素）答案：(A) Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempt RR， BFing to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by TS +most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for ex-pounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent AGwork, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work ac-cording to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political 让步circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances 关注后半句in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of idology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosen- blatts literary analysis discloses affinities and con-nections among works of Black fiction which solely BFpolitical studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, how- 转折ever, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a SEnumber of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contempora-neous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers re- l.80-ycurring concerns and designs independent of chronol-ogy. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture of rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions BF, open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits consider- SEable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various worksyet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an 转折attempt to appraise might have led to interesting 特殊短语results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, 递进like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism or JTsurrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually con-veyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does SE，+include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety BFof novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James JWJWeldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored AEMMan. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.文章结构类型：全文论证一个观点型，SE均论述一个主题。TS：Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. 单词：阅读专用词汇：propound, circumvent, presuppose罗杰罗森布拉特（Roger Rosenblatt）的著作黑人小说（Black Fiction），通过试图应运文学的而非社会政治的标准来研究其题材，成功地改变了大多数此前的研究所采用的方法。正如罗森布拉特所指出的那样，对黑人文学作品进行的文学批评常常充当一种遁辞，用以阐述黑人历史。例如，艾迪生盖尔（Addison Gayle）的近期著作就是依据公然的政治标准来判断黑人小说的价值，按照这部著作所提出的黑人本体个性诸观念来评价每部作品。虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。罗森布拉特的文学分析揭示出黑人小说相互之间的密切关系和联系，而这些密切关系和联系则被纯粹的政治研究所无视或忽略。然则，要撰写出能让人接受的有关黑人小说的文学评论，其前提是要对诸多问题作出令人满意的回答。首先，除了作家们的种族身份之外，是否有充分的理由将黑人作家创作的作品归为一类？其次，黑人小说如何使自身有别于那些在很大程度上同期创作的其它当代小说？办森布拉特说明，黑人小说确构成了一个与众不同的作品群体，具有一种易于辨认的、连贯的文学传统。他审视了最近八十年中由黑人创作的小说，揭示出那些独立于年代的反复出现的小说侧重点和架构。这些结构与主题相关，它们并不令人吃惊地源于这样一个中心事实，即这些小说中的人物都生存在一个以白人为主导的文化环境中，无论他们试图去与这种文化趋于一致，抑或奋起叛逆。黑人小说对某些美学问题确实没能予以回答。罗森布拉特的主题分析允许相当程度的客观性；他甚至还直言不讳地声称，他无意对各种作品孰优孰劣作出评判然则，他的这种不情愿似显得不合时宜，尤其是因为果真作出一番评判努力的话早就会带来某些饶有兴趣的结果。例如，某些小说在结构上看口罗冗长。这究竟是一种缺陷呢，或者是否表明，这些作者是在按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？此外，某些黑人小说的风格，如詹图默（Jean Toomer）的甘蔗（Cane），濒临表现主义和超现实主义的手法；这种技巧是否针对某个普遍盛行的主题提供了一种对比？而那个普通盛行的主题所描绘的则是黑人主人公所与之抗衡的命运，这一主题一般是通过那些更具自然主义色彩的表达方式传递出来的。虽然存在这样的疏漏，但罗森布拉特在其探讨中确已襄括在内的内容足以构成一种精僻敏锐的和有真实价值的研究。黑人小说考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯韦尔登约翰逊（JamesWeldon Johnson）的一个曾经是有色人的自传（Autobiography of an Ex-ColoredMan）。其逻辑推论构建得甚为严谨，而其率直、清晰的文风亦例示着一种客观冷静和洞察入微的文学批评。21. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it （细节题） (A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction （信息错误） (B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction （没提） (C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction （无中生有） (D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction（定位到AG，Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.） (E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction（无法知道）答案：(D)22. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （主旨题） (A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism （综合TS、SE可知） (B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject （没有比较，主旨不是为了比较什么） (C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism（细节，片面） (D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism （概要中不能有评价，故错） (E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism （不是主旨）答案：(A)23. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt （改进取非题）（关注缺陷，定位第四段第二句：Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works-yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results）(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction (B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors（误选此项） (C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history (D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition (E) assessed the relative literaray merit of the novels he analyzes thematically答案：(E)24. The authors discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as （态度题） (A) pedantic and contentious (B) critical but admiring （TS、SE） (C) ironic and deprecating (D) argumentative but unfocused (E) stilted and insincere答案：(B)25. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?争议题 （细节题） (A) An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writes (B) A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors (C) A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes （正是作者持负态度的） (D) An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history (E) A literary study that attempts to isolate aesthetic qualities unique to Black fiction答案：(C)26. The author of the passage uses all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatts book EXCEPT （EXCEPT题） (A) rhetorical questions （3段中用到） (B) specific examples （多处用到） (C) comparison and contrast （） (D) definition of terms （无） (E) personal opinion （作者态度）答案：(D)27. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to （写作用意题） (A) point out affinities between Rosenblatts method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism (B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage (C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatts book made in the first paragraph of the passage (D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatts literary analysis (E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatts work（定位到末段AEM处可易得）答案：(E)The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earths SEatmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules 让步allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earths surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant aver-age temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no car-bon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temper- ature would be so much lower that the oceans might infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. SEOne mathematical model predicts that doubling the mmatmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5. This model 2.5assumes that the atmospheres relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5 per kilometer. The assump- 6.5tion of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another effi-cient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radia- tion would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earths surface. The resultant warming at the surface SEcould be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earths reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in tem-perature.文章结构类型：全文论证一个观点型，SE均论述一个主题TS：Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide.单词：阅读专用词汇：potential, assume, resultant积累专业词汇： carbon dioxide, visible wavelength, longer-wavelength, infrared cmission地球大气层中的二氧化碳（carbon dioxide）分子通过充当一个单向屏障从而影响到地球的热量平衡。虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared cmission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。为使地球维持一种稳定不变的平均气温，来自行星的这些发射必须与进来的太阳辐射相平衡。如果大气中没有二氧化碳存在，热量将更轻而易举地从地球逃逸。地球的表面温度会变得如此之低，以致于海洋全都会冻结成一大块坚硬的冰。然则，今天的潜在问题是二氧化碳过多。化石燃料的燃烧以及森林的砍伐在最近的一百年中致使大气中的二氧化碳增加了约15%，并且我们还在继续不断地将二氧化碳加入到大气中。二氧化碳的增加是否会导致平均气温的全球性上升，且这种上升是否会对人类社会产生严重的后果？那些允许我们将气温的上升当作二氧化碳增加的一个函数来进行计算的数学模型表明答案或许是肯定的。在目前条件下，在地球上空5至6公里的高度可观察到一种18的气温。在此高度（被称为辐射层）以下，温度就以每靠近地球表面一公里约6的比例增加，而在地球表面，平均温度约为15。二氧化碳数量的增加，即意味着有更多的二氧化碳分子去吸收红外辐射。随