civil engineering1ppt课件

BasicCivilEngineering土木工程概论 都江堰 帝国大厦 世界第一斜拉桥 日本多多罗大桥 CivilEngineering 意为土木工程 直译是民用工程 它的原意是与 MilitaryEngineering 军事工程相对应的 即除了服务于战争的工程设计以外 所有服务于生活和生产需要的民用设施均属于土木工程 Civilengineeringisthatbranchofengineeringwhichaimstoprovideacomfortableandsafelivingforthepeople 中国国务院学位委员会在学科简介中定义为 土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术的总称 它既指工程建设的对象 即建在地上 地下 水中的各种工程设施 也指所应用的材料 设备和所进行的勘测设计 施工 保养 维修等技术 Chapter1CivilEngineeringandMaterials WhatistheCivilEngineering 1 1Introduction 1 ScopeofCivilEngineering StructuralengineeringGeotechnicalengineeringFluidmechanics hydraulicsandhydraulicmachinesTransportationengineeringWatersupply sanitaryandenvironmentalengineeringIrrigationengineeringSurveying levellingandremotesensing 1 2CivilEngineering 房屋建筑 道路 铁路 给排水 港口工程 水利工程 桥梁 Positioningandarrangingthevariouspartsofthestructureintodefiniteformtoachievebestutilisation Findingoutthemagnitude directionandnatureofvariousforcesactingonthestructure Analysingthestructuretoknowthebehaviourofthevariouspartsofthestructuresubjectedtotheaboveforces Designingthestructuresuchthatitsstabilityundertheactionofvariousloadsisensured Executingtheworkwithselectedconstructionmaterialsandskilledworker 2 StructuralEngineering Theconstructionofastructureneedsefficientplanning designandmethodofconstruction Thebasicideaaboutthesoil Thepropertiesandbehaviourofsoilasamaterialunder soilmechanics Thevarioustypesoffoundationsforastructure formachine etc andtheirsuitability Theanalysis designandconstructionoffoundation 3 GeotechnicalEngineering 土壤的基础理论土壤的性质和性能 状态 在土力学中被视为一种材料Thevarioustypesoffoundationsforastructure formachine etc andtheirsuitability Theanalysis designandconstructionoffoundation 3 岩土工程 Fluidmechanics thepropertiesandbehaviouroffliudsatrestorinmotion Hydraulics theforceexertedbywaterandthebehaviourofwaterunderpressure Hydraulicmachines machineswhichutilisethehydraulicenergyarecalledhydraulicmachines suchasturbines pumps etc 4 Fluidmechanics hydraulicsandhydraulicmachines Highwayengineering 公路工程 Railwayengineering 铁路工程 Harbourengineering 港口工程 Airportengineering 机场工程 5 TransportationEngineering Threetransportationmodes land waterandair Thisspecialisationdealswiththedesign constructionandexecutionofthecommunicationroutes Watersupplyengineeringthelocation collectionofwater itstreatmentmethods testsforstandardlimitsandefficientsupplyofwater Sanitaryengineeringthecollectionofusedwater theirtreatmentmethodsandeffectivedisposal Environmentalengineeringthemethodsofprotectingtheenvironmentfromthedeleteriouseffectsofhumanactivity 6 WaterSupply SanitaryandEnvironmentalEngineering Irrigation theprocessofsupplyingwaterbyman mademethodsforthepurposeoflandcultivation Irrigationengineeringincludesthestudyanddesignofworksrelatedtothecontrolofriverwaterandthedrainageofwaterloggedareas Irrigationengineeringdealswiththecontrollingandharnessingofvariousresourcesofwater byconstructingdams reservoirs canals headworksanddistributionchannelstothecultivableland 7 IrrigationEngineering Surveying anartofcollectingdataformappingtherelativepositionsofpointsonthesurfaceoftheearth Levelling theprocessofdeterminingtherelativeheightsofthepointsonthesurfaceofearthinaverticalplane Remotesensing usesthetechniqueofobtainingthedataaboutanareabytakingaerialphotographs 8 Surveying LevellingandRemoteSensing Variousfunctionsofacivilengineer Investigation collectthenecessarydatathatisrequiredbeforeplanningaproject Surveying preparemapsandplanstolocatethevariousstructuresofaprojectonthesurfaceofearth Planning preparethenecessarydrawingfortheprojectwithrespecttocapacity sizeandlocationofitsvariouscomponents Onthebasisofthisdrawing apreliminaryestimateshouldbeworkedout 9 FunctionsofCivilEngineer Variousfunctionsofacivilengineer Design Thesafedimensionofthecomponentsrequiredareworkedout Withthisdimensionadetaileddrawingispreparedforvariouscomponentsandalsoforthewholestructure Adetailedestimateisalsocalculated Execution thepreparationofschedulesforconstructionactivities floatingoftenders finalisationofcontracts supervisionofconstructionwork preparationofbillsandmaintenance ResearchandDevelopment toachieveeconomyandtoimprovetheefficiencytomeetthepresentandfutureneeds 9 FunctionsofCivilEngineer BrickStoneCementCementconcreteSteelWoodPlastic 1 3ConstructionMaterials 赵州桥 三角形钢木绗架 1 Bricks Thecommonbrickisoneoftheoldestbuildingmaterialsanditisextensivelyusedatpresentbecauseofitsdurability strength reliability lowcost etc 1 Qualitiesofgoodbricks Perfectedges well burntinkilns coppercoloured freefromcracks properrectangularshapeandstandardsize Clearringingsoundwhenstruckwitheachother Homogeneousandfreefromvoids Thepercentageabsorptionofwaterbyweightshouldnotbegreaterthan20percentforthefirstclassbricksand22percentforsecondclassbrickswhensoakedincoldwaterfor24hours 1 Qualitiesofgoodbricks Bricksshouldbesufficientlyhard Theaverageweightofbricksshouldbe3 3 5kg Bricksshouldnotbreakwhendroppedfromaheightof1m Bricksshouldhavelowthermalconductivityandshouldbesoundproof Bricksshouldnotshowdepositsofsaltswhenimmersedinwateranddried Theminimumcrushingstrengthofbricksmustbe3 5N mm2 Classificationbasedonthemanufacturingprocessadopted Firstclassbricks table moulded standardshape allgoodqualitiesofbricksSecondclassbricks ground moulded burntinkilns rough slightlyirregularinshapeThirdclassbricks ground moulded burntinclamps nothard rough irregularanddistortededges adullsoundwhenstruckwitheachotherFourthclassbricks overburntbricks irregularshape darkcolour 2 Classificationofbricks Classificationbasedontherawmaterial ClaybricksShalebricksCoalganguebricksFlyashbricksSlaybricksSand limebricksClassificationbasedonthehole HollowbricksPerforatedbricksSolidbricks 2 Classificationofbricks 粘土砖 粉煤灰多孔砖 炉渣砖 多孔砖 BricksaremainlyusedfortheconstructionofwallsBrickswhenmouldedintheshapeofaguttercanbeusedasdrainsHollowbrickscanbeusedforinsulationpurposesPavingbrickscanbeusedforpavementsBrickswithholesareusedinmulti storeyedframedstructuresFirebrickscanbeusedasarefractorymaterialSand limebricksareusedforornamentalworkBricksareusedintheconstructionofcompoundwalls columns etc BrokenpiecesofbricksareusedasaggregatesinconcreteBricksofsuperiorqualitycanbeusedinthefacingofawallBricksareusedintheconstructionofchimneysandotherspecialworks 2 Usesofbricks 2 Stones 花岗石外墙 碎石 Buildingstonesareobtainedfromrocks Rocksaremainlyclassifiedintoigneousrocks sedimentaryrocksandmetamorphicrocks 云南云灰大理石 山东平度芝麻白花岗石 辽宁丹东绿大理石 2 Stones Thecrushingstrengthofstoneshouldbegreaterthan100N mm2 Stonesmustbedecentinappearanceandbeofuniformcolour Stonesmustbedurable Stonescanbeeasilycarvedanddressed Thefractureofstonesshouldbesharpandclear Stonesshouldbehardenoughtoresistwearandtear Agoodbuildingstonemusthaveawearlessthan3percent 1 Qualitiesofgoodstone Stonesmustbefireresistant Agoodstoneshouldnotcontainquarrysap Agoodbuildingstonemusthaveaspecificgravitygreaterthan2 7 Agoodstonemusthaveacompact fine crystallinestructure stronganddurable Agoodstoneshouldnotabsorbwatermorethan0 6percentbyweight Agoodbuildingstonemustbeacidresistantandfreefromanysolublematter 1 Qualitiesofgoodstone Stonesareused Intheconstructionofbuildings Forfoundations walls columns lintels arches roofs floors dampproofcourses etc Forfacingworksinbrickmasonry Forpavements Asabasicmaterialforconcrete moorumofroads calcareouscements etc Asballastinrailway fluxinblastfurnaces blocksinconstructionofbridges piers abutments retainingwalls lighthouses dams etc 2 Usesofstones 3 Cement GoodqualitiesofcementUsesofcementTypesofcementMortar DefinitionTypesofmortarsUsesofmortar Thecolourshouldbeuniform Cementshouldbeuniformwhentouched Cementshouldbecoolwhenfeltwithhand Cementshouldbefreefromlumps Cementmortarattheageofthreedaysshouldhaveacompressivestrengthof11 5N mm2andtensilestrengthof2N mm2 Attheageofsevendayscompressivestrengthshouldnotbelessthan17 5N mm2andtensilestrengthshouldnotbelessthan2 5N mm2 Incement theratioofpercentageofaluminatothatofironoxideshouldnotbelessthan0 66 Whenignited cementshouldnotloosemorethan4percentofitsweight 1 Goodqualitiesofcement 1 Goodqualitiesofcement Thetotalsulphurcontentofcementshouldnotbegreaterthan2 75percent Theweightofinsolubleresidueincementshouldnotbegreaterthan1 5percent Weightofmagnesiaincementshouldnotexceed5percent Thespecificsurfaceofcementshouldnotbelessthan2250mm2 gm Theinitialsettingtimeofcementshouldnotbelessthan30minutesandfinalsettingtimeshallbearound10hours Theexpansionofcementshouldnotbegreaterthan10mmwhensoundnesstestisconducted Cementmortarisusedformasonrywork plastering pointingandinjointsofpipes drains etc Cementisthebindingmaterialinconcrete Constructionofimportantengineeringstructuresneedscement Themanufactureofprecastpiles pipes gardenseats etc requirescement Quicksettingcementisusedforunder waterconstruction Rapidhardeningcementisusedforstructuresrequiringearlystrength Whiteandcolouredcementsareusedforimpartingcolouredfinishes Expansivecementscanbeusedinrepairworksofcracks 2 Usesofcement RapidhardeningcementSulphateresistingcementLowheatcementQuicksettingcementPortlandpozzolanacementHighaluminacementAir entrainingcement 3 Typesofcement Bychangingthechemicalcompositionandbyusingdifferentrawmaterialsandadditives manytypesofcementscanbemanufactured MasonrycementExpansivecementHydrophobiccementColouredcementWhitecementHighstrengthcement DefinitionThetermmortarisusedtoindicateapastepreparedbyaddingrequiredquantityofwatertoamixtureofbindingmaterial cementorlime andfineaggregate sand Typesofmortars 4 Mortar Bulkdensity HeavymortarLightweightmortar Typeofbindingmaterial LimemortarSurkhimortarCementmortarGaugedmortarGypsummortar Natureofapplication Specialmortar BricklayingmortarFinishingmortar Fire resistantmortarLightweightmortarpackingmortarSound absorbingmortarX rayshieldingmortar UsesofmortarTobindthebuildingunitsintoasolidmassTocarryoutpointingandplasterworkToformanevenandsoftbeddinglayerforbuildingunitsToformjointsofpipesToimprovethegeneralappearanceofastructureTopreparemouldsforcoping corbels cornice etc ToserveasamatrixorcavitytoholdcoarseaggregatesTodistributeuniformlythesuperincumbentweightfromtheupperlayertothelowerlayerofbricksorstonesTohidetheopenjointsofbrickworkandstoneworkTofillupthecracksdetectedinthestructure Whatisthecementconcrete Cementconcreteisamixtureofcement sand crushedrockandwaterwhichwhenplacedintheskeletonofformsandallowedtocure becomeshardsuchasstone MaincontentsPropertiesofconcreteUsesofconcreteReinforcedconcreteTypesofconcrete 4 CementConcrete Ithasahighcompressivestrength Itisfreefromcorrosion 侵蚀 Ithardenswithageandtheprocessofhardeningcontinuesforalongtime Asitisweakintension steelreinforcementisplacedinittotakeupthetensilestresses reinforcedcementconcrete Itshrinksintheinitialstageduetolossofwater Theshrinkageofcementconcreteoccursasithardens Ithasatendencytobeporous Itformsahardsurface capableofresistingabrasion 1 Propertiesofconcrete Concretecanbemadeimpermeablebyusinghydrophobiccement Colouredconcreteisusedforornamentalfinishes Lightweightconcreteisusedinmulti storeyedconstructions No finesconcretecanbeusedforcast in situexternalloadbearingwallsofsingleandmulti storeyhouses retainingwalls damp proofingmaterial etc Concreteismainlyusedinfloors roofslabs columns beams lintels foundationsandinprecastconstructions Itisusedinmassivestructures suchasdamsandbridges 2 Usesofconcrete Concreteisusedintheconstructionofroads runways playgrounds watertanksandchimneys Itisusedintheconstructionofsleepersinrailways Prestressedconcreteisusedinmanyconstructionsparticularlyintheconstructionofbridges Concretetrussesarealsousedinfactoryconstructions Concreteisusedintheconstructionofbunkers silos etc Itfindsaplaceintheconstructionofnuclearreactors Thineconomicalshellconstructionarepossiblewiththeuseofconcrete 2 Usesofconcrete 3 Reinforcedconcrete Steelrodsareembeddedinthebottomportiontowithstandthetension Acombinationofconcreteandsteelisknownasreinforcedcementconcreteandiswidelyusedinvarioussituations AdvantagesofreinforcedconcreteReinforcedconcreteisaversatilebuildingmaterialandcanbeusedforcastingmembersofanyshape Ithasgoodresistancetofire temperatureandweatheringactions R C C constructioniseasyandfast ThecomponentmaterialsusedforpreparingR C C areeasilyavailable MonolithicconstructionispossiblewiththeuseofR C C R C C istoughanddurable MaintenanceofR C C constructionisverycheap Withpropercover R C C canbemadefreefromrustingandcorrosion 4 Typesofconcrete lightweightconcrete lightweightaggregateconcreteaeratedconcreteno fineconcrete highdensityconcrete polymerconcrete polymerimpregnatedconcrete PIC polymercementconcrete PCC polymerconcretepartiallyimpregnatedandsurfacecoatedpolymerconcrete fibrereinforcedconcrete 5 SteelSetions 1 bars Barsmayhaveeitherroundorsquarecrosssections squarebars 5 32mm commonlyusedinbuildingworks roundbars 6 32mm usedinreinforcedconcreteandreinforcedbrickworkconstructions deformedbars 8 32mm usedasreinforcement 2 platesRolledplateshaveamaximumareaof30m2 thethicknessoftheplatesvariesfrom5 28mm Platesthinnerthan5mmarecalledassheets 3 flatsFlatsarerolledasinthecaseofplatesbutaremuchlongerandhaveshorterwidth Thewidthvariesfrom18 500mmandthethicknessvariesfrom3 80mm Anglesectionsmaybeofequallegsorunequallegs Equalanglesections 20mm 20mm 3mm 200mm 200mm 25mmUnequalanglesections 30mm 20mm 3mm 200mm 150mm 18mm 4 Anglesections Achannelsectionconsistsofawebwithtwoequalflanges Achannelsectionisdesignatedbytheheightofwebandthewidthofflange Thesesectionsareavailablefrom100mm 45mmto400mm 100mm 5 Channelsections 6 I sections AnI sectionconsistsoftwoflangesconnectedbyaweb Itisdesignatedbyoveralldepth widthofflangeandweightpermeterlength I section 75mm 50mm 61N m 600mm 210mm 995N mWideflangeI section 150mm 100mm 170N m 600mm 250mm 1451N mH section 150mm 100mm 170N m 600mm 250mm 1451N m 7 T sections AT sectionconsistsofawebandaflange Itisdesignatedbyitsoveralldimensionsandthickness Thesectionsareavailableinsizevaryingfrom20mm 20mm 3mmto150mm 150mm 10mmwithcorrespondingweightsof9 0N mand228 0N mrespectively membersofsteelrooftrussesT connectionsinsteelwatertankssteelchimneys steelbridges etc ReasonsforsteeltobeconsideredasagoodreinforcingmaterialItdevelopsagoodbondwithconcreteandhencethestressesaretransferredfromonematerialtoanother It