Lecture 3《英语词汇学》第三章教案

Lecture 3英语词汇学第三章教案 Lecture3讲授题目Basic Conceptsof Wordsand Vocabulary所属章节现代英语词汇学概论第1章计划学时2periods教学方法传统讲授法参考资料英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学教学目的和要求通过本单元的学习，学生对词的定义，词汇的分类等词的基本知识有了一定的了解。 教学重点1)What isa word?2)The relationship between sound and meaning.3)Classification of English words.教学难点1)The definition of word.2)Classification ofwords.1.What isa wordWhat isa word?This questionhas oupiedthe attentionof linguistsfor ages.Although numerousdefinitions have been suggested,none of them seem to beperfect.Scholars dont agreeon the definitionof the word.To sumup,thedefinitionof a word prisesthe followingpoints:? (1)a minimalfree form of alanguage;(一门语言中最小的自由形式)? (2)a soundunity;(一个声音统一体)? (3)a unitof meaning;(一个意义单位)? (4)a formthat canfunction alonein asentence.(在句子中能独立起作用的一个形式)Therefore,we cansay thataword isa minimalfree form of alanguage thathas agiven soundand meaningand syntacticfunction.(词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。 )如果撇开能不能独立运用这一点，词就不是最小的有语义的单位。 语言中最小的?语音语义的结合体?称为?词素?(morpheme)。 2.Sound andMeaning Awordisa symbolthat standsfor somethingelse in the world.Each of the worlds cultureshas eto agreethat certainsounds willrepresent certainpersons,things,places,properties,processes andactivities outsidethe languagesystem.This symbolionnection isalmost arbitrary,and there isno logicalrelationshipbetween the soundwhich standsfor athing oran ideaand theactual thingand ideaitself(Lodwig andBarrett1993).Introduction ofNaturalist（自然派）and Conventionalist（习惯派）?The differencebetween the two schoolslies in the beliefthat soundhas orhasnt director necessaryconnection withmeaning.?The naturaliststhink the sound mustbe an echo of the sense.（音必定成为义的回声）The conventionalistshold that thereisno intrinsiclogical connectionor relationshipbetween the soundand the meaningexcept onomatopoeia（拟声词）.Onomatopoeia（拟声词）?Gingle铃声铃pat轻拍声轻拍?Ping-pong乒乓声乒乓球?Cuckoo布谷鸟叫声布谷鸟?Drum鼓声鼓bomb爆炸声炸弹?Crash-轰隆声-猛撞,崩溃,破产,垮台?E.g.The thundercrashed overhead.?雷声在头顶隆隆作响。 ?The boilingwater crackedthe glass.?滚烫的开水使玻璃杯炸裂了。 ?Onomatopoeia alsoexists in Chinese:?请帮我?咔嚓?一张。 ?两人都同时?哦?了一声。 For example,adogis calleda dognot becausethe soundand thethree lettersthat makeup theword just automatically suggestthe animalin question.It is only symbolic.The relationshipbetween themis conventionalbecause peopleof the same speechmunity haveagreed torefer to the animalwith thiscluster ofsounds.In differentlanguages the same conceptcan berepresented bydifferent sounds.Woman,for example,bees?frauin German,?femmein French and?fninChinese.On the other hand,the samesoundmi:tis usedto meanmeet,meat,mete.Knight andnight,though denotingentirely differentthings,yet havethesamesound.3.Sound andForm It is generallyagreed thatthe written formofa naturallanguage is the writtenrecord of the oral form.Naturally thewrittenformshould agreewith theoralform.In otherwords,thesoundshould besimilar to the form.This isquite true of Englishin itsearliest stagei.e.Old English.With thedevelopment of the language,more andmore differencesour betweenthe two.The internalreason forthis is that Englishalphabet wasadopted fromthe Romans(Latin alphabet),which doesnot havea separateletter torepresent eachsound in the language,so someletters mustdo doubleduty orwork togetherin bination.Another reason isthatthe pronunciationhas changedmore rapidlythan spellingover theyears,and insome casesthetwohave drawfar apart.During thelast fivehundred years,though thesounds ofspeech havechanged considerably,there havebeen nocorresponding changesof spelling.A thirdreasonisthat someof thedifferences werecreated bythe earlyscribes.Before theprinting presswas brought to England,everything waswritten byhand.Those scribes,who madea livingby writingfor otherpeople,often workedin hasteto meetthe needsof theKing,Church,and merchants.One problemwas thatseveral letterswritten withshort verticalstrokes(短竖笔),such asi.u.v.m.w andn lookedall alike.Consequently,their handwritingcaused misunderstanding.To solvethe problem,they changedletter uto owhen itcame beforem.n,or v.This ishow sum,cum,wuman,wander,munk cameto bewritten assome,e,woman,wonder,monk.At somepoint,too,the scribesseemtohave decidedthat noEnglish wordshould endin uor v.Thus,anewas addedto such words aslive,have,due andtrue butnot pronounced.Finally esthe borrowing,which isan importantchannel ofenriching the English vocabulary.When Englishborrowed wordsfrom otherlanguages,it borrowedspelling as well.The earlyborrowings wereassimilated and the laterones,however,do notconform to the rulesof Englishpronunciation and spelling,e.g.stimulus(L),denouement(F),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap).The writtenformofEnglish is,therefore,an imperfectrepresentation of the spokenform.In spiteof thedifferences,at least80%of the English wordsfit consistentspelling patterns.由此可见，英语书面形式并不完全代表口语形式。 两者虽有差异，但80%以上的拼写在书面语和口语中还是统一的。 4.Vocabulary Broadlyspeaking,vocabulary can be definedas:?a pleteinventory ofthe words in alanguage.Vocabulary meansthe sumof all the wordsinthe language.It ismore orless synonymouswith?lexisand?lexicon,with thefirst morecolloquial,the thirdmore learnedand technical,and thesecond situatedhalf-way betweentheothertwo.The term?vocabularyis used in differentsenses.Not onlycan itrefer tothe totalnumber ofthe wordsin alanguage,but itcan stand for allthe wordsused ina particularhistorical period,e.g.Old English vocabulary,Middle English vocabulary andModern Englishvocabulary.5.Classification ofwords TheEnglishvocabularycan beclassified bydifferent criteriaandfordifferent purposes.Words mayfall intothe basic word stockand nonbasicvocabulary byuse frequency,into contentwords andfunctional words by notion,and intonative words and borrowed wordsbyorigin. (1)Basic WordStock andNonbasic VocabularyBasic word stock is the foundationofthevocabulary aumulatedover centuriesand formsthe moncore ofthe language.Though wordsofthe basic word stock constitutea smallpercentage oftheEnglishvocabulary,yet itisthe most importantpart ofit.These wordshave obviouscharacteristics:All nationalcharacter.Words ofthe basic word stockdenote themost monthings andphenomena ofthe worldaround us,which areindispensable toallthepeople whospeak the language.They includewords relatingtothe following respects:a.Natural phenomena:rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon;b.Human bodyand relations:head,foot,hand,father,mother,sister,daughter,son;c.Names ofplants andanimals:oak,pine,horse,cow,cat;d.Action,size,domain,state:e,go,eat,good,evil,old,young,hot,cold.;e.Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:one,ten,hundred,I,you,your,in,out,under,and,but,till,as.These words cannot beavoided by any speakerofEnglish,irrespective ofclass,origin,education,profession,geographical regions,culture,etc.Stability.Words ofthe basicword stock havebeenin usefor centuries,e.g.man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moon.As theydenote the monest thingsnecessary tolife,they arelikely toremain unchanged.Stability,however,isonlyrelative.Actually,the basicword stockhas beenundergoing somechanges.Words likearrow,bow,chariot,knight,which weremon inthe past,have nowmoved outoftheword stockwhereas suchwords aselectricity,machine,car,plane,puter,television,which denotenew thingsand modernway oflife,have enteredthe stock.But thischange isslow.There aremany morewords joiningin thandropping out.Productivity.Words ofthe basicstock are mostly rootwords ormonosyllabic words.They caneach beused alone,and atthesametime canform newwords withother rootsand affixes,e.g.foot:football,footpath,footer,footed,footloose,footing,footman,etc.In thesame way,dog:doglike,doghood,dog-cheap,dog-fall,dogfight,dog-paddle,dog sleep,to namejustafew.Polysemy.Words belonging tothe basicword stockoften possessmore thanone meaningbecause mostof themhave undergonesemantic changesinthecourse ofuse andbee polysemous.The verb?cut在牛津英语词典(The OxfordEnglish Dictionary)中将近150个义项，新英汉词典把它产归纳为32个义项。 多义词的各个词义尽管纷繁复杂，但还是构成一定的关系，主要有原始意义与引申意义，普遍意义与特殊意义，抽象意义与具体意义，字面意义与比喻意义。 Collocability.Many wordsofthe basicword stock enterquite anumber ofset expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial sayingsandthelike.Instances arenumerous.Take heartfor example:a changeof heart;after ones heart;a heartof gold;break ones heart;cry ones heartout;eat ones heartout;and takesth.to heart;heart andsoul soon.Of course,not allthe wordsofthe basicwordstockhavethese characteristics.Pronouns andnumerals enjoynation-wide useand stability,but aresemantically monosemousand havelimited productivityand collocability.Therefore?all nationalcharacteristhemost importantof allfeatures.Nonbasic VocabularyWords,void ofthe statedcharacteristics,do notbelong tothemoncore ofthelanguage.They includedthefollowing:Terminology.Consists oftechnical termsusedinparticular disciplinesand academicareas asin medicine:photoscanning,penicillin;in mathematics:algebra,calculus;in music:symphony,sonata(奏鸣曲);in education:audiovisual,microteaching,etc.Jargon.refers tothe specializedvocabulary bywitch membersof particulararts,sciences,trades andprofessions municateamong themselvessuch as:bottom line-inescapable implication,unavoidable result;?bargaining chips谈判中任何一方所拥有的优势;?hold himback不让某一匹马赢.?hypo皮下注射；?Persona人格面貌?paranoidn.adj.患妄想狂的(者)，多疑症?者，多疑的;hold himin让马在开赛初跑在后面以保持精力准备最后冲刺;buster for?bomb(炸弹)(军事行话).Generally speaking,people outsidethe circlehave difficultyin understandingsuchwords.Slang.Belongs tothe sub-standard language,a categorythat seemsto standbetweenthestandard generalwords andin-group wordslike cant,jargon,and argot,all ofwhich areassociated with,or mostavailable to,specific groupsofthepopulation.Certain wordsare labeled?slangnot because of theirappearance orpronunciation butbecauseof their usage.In thesame way,the meaningof?drunkcan beexpressed inas manyterms asover threehundred suchas:elevated,merry,jolly,fortable,boiled,grassy,tight,knocked out,blue-eyed,fried,paralyzed,pickled,stiff,stunned,etc.Slang enjoypopular use.Almost everyoneuses someslang.Sometime,and somepeople usea lotof slangoften.Those whodont goto officesor seldomfind themselvesin formalsituations,and thosewho spendmore timewith closefriend usethemostslang,because slangis colorful,blunt,expressive andimpressive.Argotgenerally referstothejargon ofcriminals.Its useis confinedtothesubcultural groups,and outsiderscan hardlyunderstand it.e.g.can-openerall purposekey;dippick-pocket;persuaderdagger.Dialectal wordsare wordsused onlyby speakersofthedialect inquestion.e.g.beauty(Australia English:=excellent,great);chook(Aus E=chicken)cocky(Aus E=small farmer)Station(Aus E=ranch)auld(scot E=Old);hame(Scot E=home lough(IrE=lake)boy(IrE=swamp)Archaisms are words orforms thatwere oncein monuse butare nowrestricted onlyto specializedor limiteduse.They arefound mainlyin olderpoems,legal documentsand religiouswriting orspeech.e.g.thouyou;yeyouthe;theeyou(objective);wiltwill;brethrenbrother;quothsaid;aughtanything;trothpledgeNeologisms-are newly-created words or expressions.e.g.microelectronic微电子学；futurology未来学；?AIDS=acquired immunedeficiency syndrome? (2)Content words and Functional words?By notion,wordscanbe groupedinto contentwordsandfunctional (3)Native wordsand BorrowedWords words.Content words denote clearnotions andthus are known asnotional words.They includenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs andnumerals.Functionalwordsdo nothave notionsoftheirown.There fore,they arealso calledempty words.As theirchief functionis toexpress the relation betweennotions,therelationbetween wordsaswellas betweensentences,they areknown asform words.Prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries andarticles belongto this category.As foras theorigins ofthe wordsare concerned,English wordscanbeclassified intonative wordsand borrowedwords.Native wordsarewordsbroughttoBritain inthe fifthcentury bythe Germantribes:the Angles,the Saxons,andtheJutes,thus knownas Anglo-Saxon words.Words ofAnglo-Saxon originare smallin number,amounting toroughly50,000to60,000,but theyform themainstream ofthebasicwordstockand stand atthecore ofthelanguage.Therefore,what istrue ofthebasicwordstockis alsotrueof native words.Apart fromthe characteristicsmentioned ofthebasicwordstock,in contrastto borrowedwords,native wordshave twoother features:Neutral instyle.Since native wordsdenotethe monestthings inhuman society,they areused byall people,in allplaces,on alloasions,andatall times.Therefore,they are not stylisticallyspecific.This canbe illustratedbyaparison betweensynonyms.?Native wordsBorrowed words?beginmence(F)?brotherlyfraternal(F)?kinglyroyal(F)regal(L)?Risemount(F)ascend(L)Stylistically,nativewordsare neitherformal norinformal whereasthe words borrowed formFrench orLatin areliterary andlearned,thus appropriatein formalstyle.Frequent inuse.Native wordsaremostfrequently usedin everydayspeech andwriting.The proportionof itsuse inrelation toborrowings isperhaps justthe oppositeof itsnumber.The percentageofnativewordsinuse runsusually ashigh as70to90percent.Words takenover fromforeign languagesareknownas borrowedwordsorloan wordsor borrowingsin simpleterms.Itisestimated thatEnglish borrowingsconstitute80percent ofthe modernEnglishvocabulary.Aording tothe degreeof assimilationand mannerof borrowing,we canbring theloan-words underfour classes.Denizens arewordsborrowedearly inthe pastand noware wellassimilated intoEnglish language.Words ofthis groupare earlyborrowings fromLatin,Greek,FrenchandScandinav