Mechanics Of Fluids流体力学教材Potter英文原版教程教材教案

Mechanics Of Fluids流体力学教材Potter英文原版教程教材教案 Conversion Factorsto SIUnitsTo convertfromTo convertfromEnglish to SISI toEnglishEnglishSISI symbolmultiplybymultiply byAelerationfoot/second squaredmeter/second squaredm/s20.30483.281Areasquare inchsquarecentimetercm26.4520.1550square footsquaremeterm20.0929010.76acrehectareha0.40472.471Densityslug/cubic footkilogram/cubic meterkg/m3515.41.94?10?3Flow Ratecubic foot/secondcubic meter/secondm3/s0.0283235.32cubicfoot/secondliter/secondL/s28.320.03532ForcepoundnewtonN4.4480.2248kip(1000lb)newtonN4448Lengthinchcentimetercm2.540.3937footmeterm0.30483.281milekilometerkm1.60930.6214Masspound masskilogramkg0.45362.205slugkilogramkg14.590.06854Power,Heat RatehorsepowerkilowattkW0.74571.341foot-pound/secwattW1.3560.7376Btu/hourwattW0.29293.41467730_19_frontendpapers.qxd12/1/106:27PM Page2CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed from the eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemed that any suppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictions require it.Conversion FactorstoSIUnits(continued)To convertfromTo convertfromEnglish toSISI toEnglishEnglishSISI symbolmultiplybymultiply byPressurepound/square inchkilopascalkPa6.8950.1450pound/square footkilopascalkPa0.0478820.89feet ofH2OkilopascalkPa2.9830.3352inches ofHgkilopascalkPa3.3740.2964TemperatureFahrenheitCelsiusC5/9(F?32)9/5?C?32FahrenheitkelvinK5/9(F?460)9/5?K?460Torquepound-footnewton-meterN?m1.3560.7376pound-inchnewton-meterN?m0.11308.85Velocityfoot/secondmeter/secondm/s0.30483.281mile/hourmeter/secondm/s0.44702.237mile/hourkilometer/hourkm/h1.6090.6215Viscosity,Kinematic Viscositypound-sec/square footnewton-sec/square meterN?s/m247.880.02089square foot/secondsquare meter/secondm2/s0.0929010.76Volumecubic inchcubientimetercm316.3870.06102cubic footcubicmeterm30.0283235.32galloncubic meterm30.003785264.2gallonliterL3.7850.2642Work,Energy,Heatfoot-poundjouleJ1.3560.7376BtukilojoulekJ1.0540.9479Btukilowatt-hourkWh0.0002933413thermkilowatt-hourkWh29.30.0341367730_19_frontendpapers.qxd12/1/106:27PM Page3CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed from the eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.52609_00_fm_pi-pxxvi.indd ii2/1/1011:37:43PMThis is an electronicversion of the printtextbook.Due toelectronic rights restrictions,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed.Editorialreview has deemedthat anysuppresed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.The publisherreserves theright toremove contentfrom thistitle atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.For valuableinformation onpricing,previous editions,changes tocurrent editions,and alternateformats,please visit.cengage./highered tosearch byISBN#,author,title,or keywordfor materialsin yourareas of interest.sCopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.yar70886_nndx_NI21-NI36.indd PageNI349/24/099:12:45AM user-s198/Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF138/MHSF138-INDThis pagewas intentionallyleft blankMechanics of Fluids67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pagei CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.Mechanics of Fluids,Fourth EditionMerle C.Potter,David C.Wiggert,Bassem Ramadan,and TomI-P.ShihPublisher,Global Engineering:Christopher M.ShorttSenior AcquisitionsEditor:Randall AdamsSeniorDevelopmental Editor:Hilda GowansEditorialAssistant:Tanya AltieriTeamAssistant:Carly RizzoMarketing Manager:Lauren BetsosMediaEditor:Chris ValentineContentProject Manager:D JeanButtromProduction Service:RPK EditorialServicesCopyeditor:Harlan JamesProofreader:Martha McMasterIndexer:Merle PotterCompositor:Integra SoftwareSolutionsSenior ArtDirector:Michelle KunklerInternalDesigner:Carmela PerieraCoverDesigner:Andrew AdamsCoverImage:?TebNad/Shutterstock;Hotduckz/DreamstimeText andImage PermissionsResearcher:Kristiina PaulFirstPrint Buyer:Arethea L.Thomas?xx,xxCengage LearningALLRIGHTS RESERVED.No partof thiswork coveredby thecopyright hereinmay be reproduced,transmitted,stored,or usedin anyform orby anymeansgraphic,electronic,or mechanical,including butnot limitedto photocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,web distribution,information works,or informationstorage andretrieval systems,except aspermitted underSection107or108of the1976United StatesCopyright Act,without thepriorwritten permissionof thepublisher.Printed in the United States ofAmerica123456713121110For productinformation andtechnology assistance,contact usatCengage LearningCustomer&Sales Support,1-800-354-9706For permissionto usematerial fromthis textor product,submit allrequests onlineat .cengage./permissions.Further permissionsquestions can be emailedtopermissionrequestcengage.Library ofCongress ControlNumber:on fileISBN-13:978-0-495-66773-5ISBN-10:0-495-66773-0Cengage Learning200First StamfordPlace,Suite400Stamford,CT06902USACengage Learningis aleading providerof customizedlearning solutionswithoffice locationsaround theglobe,including Singapore,the UnitedKingdom,Australia,Mexico,Brazil,and Japan.Locate your local officeatinternational.cengage./region.Cengage Learningproducts arerepresented inCanada byNelsonEducation,Ltd.For yourcourse andlearning solutions,visit .cengage./engineering.Purchase anyof ourproducts atyourlocalcollege storeor atour preferredonlinestore .cengagebrain.67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pageiv CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.MechanicsofFluidsFourth EditionMerleC.PotterMichigan State UniversityDavid C.WiggertMichigan StateUniversityBassem RamadanKetteringUniversitywithTom I-P.ShihPurdue UniversityAustralia?Brazil?Japan?Korea?Mexico?Singapore?Spain?United Kingdom?UnitedStates67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pageiii CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.vCHAPTER1BASIC CONSIDERATIONS31.1Introduction41.2Dimensions,Units,and PhysicalQuantities41.3Continuum Viewof Gasesand Liquids81.4Pressure andTemperature Scales111.5Fluid Properties141.6Conservation Laws231.7Thermodynamic Propertiesand Relationships241.8Summary30Problems32CHAPTER2FLUID STATICS392.1Introduction402.2Pressure ata Point402.3Pressure Variation412.4Fluids atRest432.5Linearly AeleratingContainers672.6Rotating Containers692.7Summary72Problems74CHAPTER3INTRODUCTION TOFLUIDS INMOTION873.1Introduction883.2Description ofFluid Motion883.3Classification ofFluid Flows1003.4The BernoulliEquation1073.5Summary116Problems117CHAPTER4THE INTEGRALFORMS OFTHE FUNDAMENTALLAWS1274.1Introduction1284.2The ThreeBasic Laws1284.3System-to-Control-Volume Transformation132Contents67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pagev CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.4.4Conservation ofMass1374.5Energy Equation1444.6Momentum Equation1574.7Moment-of-Momentum Equation1764.8Summary179Problems182CHAPTER5THE DIFFERENTIALFORMS OFTHE FUNDAMENTALLAWS2035.1Introduction2045.2Differential ContinuityEquation2055.3Differential MomentumEquation2105.4Differential EnergyEquation2235.5Summary229Problems231CHAPTER6DIMENSIONAL ANALYSISAND SIMILITUDE2376.1Introduction2386.2Dimensional Analysis2396.3Similitude2486.4Normalized DifferentialEquations2586.5Summary262Problems263CHAPTER7INTERNAL FLOWS2717.1Introduction2727.2Entrance Flowand DevelopedFlow2727.3Laminar Flow in aPipe2747.4Laminar Flow between ParallelPlates2817.5Laminar Flowbetween RotatingCylinders2887.6Turbulent Flowin aPipe2927.7Uniform Turbulent FlowinOpen Channels3257.8Summary329Problems331CHAPTER8EXTERNAL FLOWS3458.1Introduction3468.2Separation3508.3Flow AroundImmersed Bodies3528.4Lift and Drag onAirfoils3678.5Potential-Flow Theory3728.6Boundary-Layer Theory3858.7Summary409Problems411viContents67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pagevi CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.ContentsviiCHAPTER9PRESSIBLE FLOW4259.1Introduction4269.2Speed ofSound andthe MachNumber4279.3Isentropic NozzleFlow4319.4Normal ShockWave4429.5Shock Wavesin Converging-Diverging Nozzles4499.6Vapor Flowthrough aNozzle4549.7Oblique ShockWave4569.8Isentropic ExpansionWaves4619.9Summary465Problems466CHAPTER10FLOW INOPEN CHANNELS47310.1Introduction47410.2Open-Channel Flows47510.3Uniform Flow47810.4Energy Concepts48410.5Momentum Concepts49810.6Nonuniform GraduallyVaried Flow51010.7Numerical Analysis of WaterSurface Profiles51810.8Summary528Problems529CHAPTER11FLOWS INPIPING SYSTEMS54311.1Introduction54411.2Losses inPiping Systems54411.3Simple PipeSystems55011.4AnalysisofPipe Networks56111.5Unsteady Flowin Pipelines57411.6Summary582Problems583CHAPTER12TURBOMACHINERY59912.1Introduction60012.2Turbopumps60012.3Dimensional Analysisand Similitudefor Turbomachinery61712.4Use ofTurbopumps inPiping Systems62612.5Turbines63212.6Summary647Problems64867730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pagevii CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.CHAPTER13MEASUREMENTS INFLUID MECHANICS65513.1Introduction65613.2Measurement ofLocal FlowParameters65613.3Flow RateMeasurement66413.4Flow Visualization67313.5Data Acquisition and Analysis68113.6Summary693Problems693CHAPTER14PUTATIONAL FLUIDDYNAMICS69714.1Introduction69814.2Examples ofFinite-Difference Methods69914.3Stability,Convergence,and Error71014.4Solution ofCouette Flow71714.5Solution ofTwo-Dimensional Steady-State PotentialFlow72114.6Summary726References728Problems729APPENDIX733A.Units andConversions andVector Relationships733B.Fluid Properties735C.Properties ofAreas andVolumes741D.Compressible-Flow Tablesfor Air742E.Numerical Solutionsfor Chapter10751F.Numerical Solutionsfor Chapter11758BIBLIOGRAPHY773References773General Interest774ANSWERS TOSELECTED PROBLEMS776INDEX785viiiContents67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pageviii CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.ixThe motivationto writea bookis difficult to describe.Most oftenthe authorssuggestthat theother textson the subject havecertain deficienciesthat theywillcorrect,such asan auratedescription ofentrance flowsand flows around bluntobjects,the differencebetween aone-dimensional flowand auniform flow,theproper presentationof thecontrol volumederivation,or adefinition oflaminarflow thatmakes sense.New authors,of course,introduce otherdeficiencies thatfutureauthors hopeto correct!And lifegoes on.This isanother fluids book thathas been writtenin hopesof presentingan improvedview of fluid mechanics sothat theundergraduate can understand thephysical conceptsand followthemathematics.This isnot aneasy task:Fluid mechanicsisasubject thatcontainsmany difficult-to-understand phenomena.For example,how wouldyou explainthehole scoopedout in the sandby thewater on the upstreamside of anabutment?Or thehigh concentrationof smogcontained in the LosAngeles area(it doesnt existto thesame levelin NewYork)?Or theunexpected strongwindaround thecorner ofa tallbuilding inChicago?Or thevibration andsubsequentcollapse ofa largeconcrete-steel bridgedue to the wind?Or thetrailing vorticesobservedfrom alarge aircraft?We haveattempted to present fluid mechanicssothat the studentcanunderstandand analyzemany of the importantphenomenaencountered bythe engineer.The mathematicallevel ofthis bookis basedon previousmathematics coursesrequiredin allengineering curricula.We usesolutions todifferential equationsandvector algebra.Some useis madeof vectorcalculus withthe useof thegra-dient operator,but thisis keptto aminimum sinceit tendsto obscurethe physicsinvolved.Many populartexts influid mechanicshave notpresented fluidflows asfields.That is,they havepresented primarilythose flowsthat can be approximatedasone-dimensional flowsand havetreated otherflows usingexperimental data.Wemust recognizethat whena fluidflowsaroundan object,such asa buildingor anabutment,its velocitypossesses allthree ponentswhich dependon allthreespace variablesand often,time.If wepresent the equations thatdescribe sucha generalflow,theequationsare referredto asfield equations,and velocityand pressurefields beeof interest.This isquite analogous to electricalandPreface67730_00_frontmatter_pi-xvii.qxd12/1/106:30PM Pageix CopyrightxxCengage Learning.All RightsReserved.May notbe copied,scanned,or duplicated,in wholeor inpart.Due toelectronic rights,some thirdparty contentmay besuppressed fromthe eBookand/or eChapter(s).Editorial reviewhas deemedthat anysuppressed contentdoes notmaterially affectthe overalllearning experience.Cengage Learningreserves theright toremove additionalcontent atany timeif subsequentrights restrictionsrequire it.magic fieldsin electricalengineering.In orderfor thedifficult problemsof thefuture,such aslarge-scale environmentalpollution,to beanalyzed byengineers,itis imperativethat weunderstand fluidfields.Thus in Chapter5we introducethefield equationsand discussseveral solutionsfor somerelatively simplegeome-tries.The moreconventional mannerof treating the flowsindividually isprovidedas analternate routefor thosewho wishthis morestandard approach.The fieldequationscan then be included in asubsequent course.Perhaps alisting of the additionsmade in this fourthedition wouldbe ofinterest.We have:?Included insidethe back cover thesecond editionofaDVD entitled“Multimedia FluidMechanics,”by G.M.Homsy,distributed byCambridgeUniversity Press.A number of virtuallabs anddemonstrations have beenidentified atvarious placesin the text.?Added manyexamples andproblems,most ofwhich havereal-life appli-cations.?Collected allthe multiple-choice problemstothefront ofthe problemsets.They canbe usedto reviewthesubjectofFluidMechanics fortheFundamentals ofEngineering andthe GRE/Engineering exams.?Deleted thechapter onEnvironmental FluidMechanics in an attempttoshorten thebook.?Simplified thechapter onComputational FluidMechanics.?Made numerouschanges toclarify thepresentation.The introductory material includedin Chapters1through9has beenselectedcarefully tointroduce studentsto allfundamental areasoffluidmechanics.Notall ofthe materialin eachchapter needbe coveredin anintroductory course.Theinstructor canfit the material to a selectedcourse outline.Some sectionsat theend of eachchapter may be omittedwithout lossof continuityin laterchapters.In fact,Chapter5canbeomitted inits entiretyif itis decidedto excludefieldequations in the introductorycourse,a relativelymon decision.That chaptercanthenbeincludedin an intermediatefluidmechanicscourse.After theintro-ductorymaterialhasbeenpresented,there issufficient materialtopresentin oneortwo additionalcourses.This additionalcourse orcourses couldinclude materialthathad beenomitted inthe introductorycourse andbinations ofmaterialfrom themore specializedChapters9through14.Much ofthe materia